62 Some studies showed that healthy elderly women have better immediate word learning,63 verbal memory, and episodic memory compared to age-matched

men.64 However, a recent meta-analysis of neurocognitive data from 15 studies (n = 828 men; 1238 women) showed that men modestly but significantly outperformed women in all of the cognitive domains been examined, including verbal and visuospatial tasks and tests of episodic and semantic memory, while age and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were not associated with the male-advance in memory. 65 Some also reported better visual memory, 66 working memory, 67 and episodic memory 67 in elderly men than women. Furthermore, others have also reported no sex differences click here in the elderly for verbal memory. 68 So, there exists no clear pattern of sex advantages for memory in the healthy elderly, and any sex differences appear to be task dependent. A cross-sectional analysis of the association between sex hormones, metabolic parameters, and psychiatric diagnoses with verbal memory in healthy aged men showed that higher levels of serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were associated with a worse verbal memory, 69 suggesting levels of free testosterone influence male verbal memory. However, findings

of sex differences in verbal memory in young adults or early adolescents Ribociclib supplier are contradictory. Studies showed no association between the sex-dependent verbal memory and age, level of sex hormone, or puberty Metalloexopeptidase development in teenage boys and girls. 70 Furthermore, a recent study including 366 women and 330 men aged between 16 and 69 years of age, showed that women outperformed men on auditory memory tasks due

to female advancement in verbal memory, whereas male adolescents and older male adults showed higher level performances on visual episodic and visual working memory measures. 71 While there are no sports specific involved or not involved verbal memory, extensive studies showed sex differences on concussion outcomes between concussed male and female athletes, such as female concussed athletes have been reported to have greater neurocognitive impairments on reaction time and visual memory when compared with male concussed athletes.72 and 73 However, it is unknown whether the sex differences in cognitive impairment induced by concussion in male and female athletes are associated with the male sports (football) which lacking of female players. A recent study included female and male concussed soccer players and found a significant between-patient main effect for sex on verbal memory, such as female athletes scored lower than male athletes.