An excess of subviral particles over infectious virions in plasma is common during viral infections. For instance, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) circulates in the blood as nucleocapsid-free, envelope-containing subviral particles that

also outnumber HBV DNA–positive Dane particles by 1 × 103 to 1 × 105.36 Subviral, nucleocapsid-free particles, bearing the envelope glycoprotein, are also frequently found during dengue virus or tick-borne encephalitis virus Flavivirus infections.37, 38 Subviral particles appear to exert biologically relevant properties. For example, HBsAg inhibits TLR9-mediated activation and interferon-α production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs).39 Similarly, HCV LVPs interfere with Toll-like receptor 4–triggered maturation of DCs, inducing a shift in DC function that stimulates T helper 2 cells LY2157299 chemical structure instead of T helper 1 cells.40, 41 Recombinant

LVPs also fuse with liposomes in a fusion process leading to the coalescence of internal contents of TRL particles and liposomes.32 The presence of such high proportions of modified lipoproteins during hepatitis C may modify the physiologic functions of lipoprotein, particularly if they have membrane fusion property, and participate to some HCV-induced metabolic dysfunctions. We Alvelestat in vivo also observed the presence of low-density viral particles that did not contain detectable apoB. Because we could not quantify the envelope glycoproteins, and because the number of glycoproteins per particles is not known, the proportion of nucleocapsid-positive and -negative particles could not be estimated. Thus, it remains to be determined whether subviral, nucleocapsid-negative, and apoB-negative low-density particles, either resembling HCVcc or the recombinant glycoprotein subviral particles produced by Huh7 cells, are also produced in vivo. For four patients, such particles were the only low-density viral particles and they may also be present in unknown proportion in all patients. These particles could contribute to the high molar ratios of neutral lipid over apoB, assuming that they could be coimmunoprecipitated with apoB-positive LVPs; their presence would further increase the overall proportion of subviral particles.

It should click here be stressed, however, that for some patients, all HCV RNA are immunoprecipitated by anti-apoB antibody.8 In conclusion, the HCV circulating viral particle populations are complex and include several forms, such as apoB-positive and -negative as well as nucleocapsid-positive and -negative LVPs that may contribute in different extent to the pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis C. We acknowledge the contribution of the AniRA – Laboratoire L3/UMS platform of SFR Biosciences Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS344/US8) for their help. We thank Patricia Barbot, Virobiotec, Center for Biological Resources, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and Claude Vieux for patient and sample management. We thank Vincenzo Vinzi (ESSEC, Cergy-Pontoise, F95000) for his help with statistical testing.