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“Increasing energy security Decitabine solubility dmso and mitigating climate change are the two main motives that have pushed renewable energy production to the top of global agendas [1]. They are encouraging the agronomic production of biomass to help meet renewable bioenergy needs. Perennial grasses are attractive as biomass sources, as they can meet the agronomic, environmental and social requirements for successful deployment as energy crops. Perennial rhizomatous grass is an ideal biofuel crop, because it displays the agronomically desirable traits of broad climatic

tolerance, rapid growth rates, and relatively high yield. Furthermore, owing to the recycling of nutrients by their rhizome systems, perennial grasses have a low nutrient demand [2]. They are also seldom attacked by pests and so can be produced with few or no pesticides [3]. Given these unique advantages, the interest in using biofuel crops for energy production is soaring. However, because China cannot afford biomass energy production from its croplands [4], biofuel cultivation, to be competitive with conventional energy sources and avoid the supplantation of food crops, will likely be relegated to less productive soils and will receive

minimal inputs of water, fertilizer, and pesticides [5]. Thus, RO4929097 purchase marginal lands may play an important role in biomass energy production. It is estimated that the quantity of marginal land that could be used in biofuel production in China is near 110 million ha, of which about 45 million ha would support economic operation [4]. Abiotic stresses including lack of nutrients, drought, and high salt levels in these areas are common factors that will limit the production of biofuel crops. Under environmental stress such as nitrogen (N) deficiency, which will be a major limiting factor to cultivating biofuel crops in northwestern and northern China, plants show varying adaptations at the morphological,

for biochemical, molecular and physiological levels. It is imperative to increase our knowledge on the tolerance of biofuel crops to diverse nutrient deficiency conditions to allow continuous biomass industrialization on marginal lands. Efficient production of bioenergy from such marginal lands requires the choice of the most stress-tolerant grass species. Biofuel crops are being screened for superior characteristics or bred and genetically modified for enhanced abiotic stress tolerance traits that will expand their cultivable area [6]. It is accordingly desirable to evaluate the responses of promising biofuel crops to N-deficiency stress and identify cultivars that are most suitable for biomass production under N-deficiency conditions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season rhizomatous perennial C4 grass that originated in the North American tall grass prairie.