To conclude, we have proposed here a general mechanism that allows cells to read a morphogenetic gradient. Thus activating the transcription of an auto-activated IF can lead to the conversation of a broad gradient of morphogens into a sharp boundary. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The phenotype of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) null mutant mice is characterized by sensory ataxia and early postnatal death. Previous analysis revealed a severe

depletion of peripheral sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Most of the deficits are established early during embryonic development. Whereas absence of proprioceptive Danusertib afferents can explain the sensory ataxia, the reasons for early postnatal death are unclear. To circumvent the limitations imposed by early mortality of null mutants we generated mouse line expressing NT-3 transgenes driven by the platelet-derived growth factor beta-chain (PDGF-beta) promoter, which is known to be active in neurons and mesenchyme derivatives. Mice carrying one or two PDGF-NT3 transgenes on a background

null for wildtype NT-3 were generated by crossing with an NT-3 null strain. Although still ataxic, mice from this cross could survive for periods longer than a year. Histological analysis revealed a limited rescue of muscle spindles and parvalbumin immunoreactive sensory neurons. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We present a differential equation-based mathematical model of nectar foraging CBL0137 nmr by the honey bee Apis mellifera. The model focuses on two behavioural classes:

nectar foragers and nectar receivers. Results generated from the model are used to demonstrate how different classes within a collective can collaborate to combine information and produce finely Selleckchem ZD1839 tuned decisions through simple interactions. In particular we show the importance of the ‘search time’ – the time a returning forager takes to find an available nectar receiver – in restricting the forager population to a level consistent with colony-wide needs. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Recently, the rs3129882 variant in intron 1 of HLA-DRA was found to be associated with late-onset sporadic Parkinson disease (PD) in Americans of European ancestry. To evaluate whether the same variant is related to PD in Chinese population, we investigated late-onset sporadic PD patients of Chinese Han ethanicity in Mainland China. We found significant difference in genotypic and allele distribution between patients and control subjects (chi(2)=6.446, p=0.040 for genotypic distribution; chi(2)=5.762, p=0.016 for allele distribution), suggesting this variant is associated with late-onset sporadic PD in Chinese Han population. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A simple multiparticle reaction model was studied where reactants A react with (a possibly large) stoichiometric coefficient k.