Surprisingly, we observed neurons that encode an axis of motion matching the opposing preferences of DS neurons in the same dLGN region. We see two main possibilities for how this overlap in selectivity arises—either ASLGNs integrate opposing

direction-selective retinal ganglion cell-type inputs to form a new response class or ASLGNs receive direct input from an undiscovered axis-selective retinal ganglion cell type and relay that information. The latter hypothesis is most consistent with the view of the dLGN as a simple relay from retina to cortex. Interestingly, selleck screening library if this pathway exists, it may suggest further specificity of RGC projections based on motion axis preference, for example, if vertical axis cells are found in deeper dLGN. However, while axis-selective retinal ganglion cells have been found in the rabbit’s visual streak, they are nearly absent in the rabbit’s peripheral retina (Oyster, 1968) and have Small molecule library cost not been described previously in the rodent retina, which has no visual streak. Moreover, while the persistent view has been that the dLGN only relays retinal information and does not generate novel feature selectivity, the

current results present overlapping and opposing information channels in a single dLGN region, and thus the potential for direct integration of retinal pathways, for example, as evaluated by our random wiring model. Interestingly, one previous study suggested potential for rare mixing of RGC-type inputs in dLGN to yield intermediate tuning properties of X and Y cells in the cat (Mastronarde, 1992), suggesting that similar mechanisms may be involved in other species and cell types. However, the present results indicate that dLGN may integrate retinal

information to form a novel feature selectivity. Regardless of whether axis selectivity first arises in retina or dLGN, the importance of this pathway may be further pronounced if axis-selective inputs influence orientation selectivity in some neurons in the cortex. Integration of opposing direction preferences Levetiracetam by ASLGNs either could result from selective connectivity between DSRGCs and ASLGNs, for example, favored by developmental mechanisms, or could occur by chance if connections are nonspecific between retina and thalamus, given that incoming axonal arbors of opposing DSRGC types probably overlap spatially within superficial dLGN, as predicted by our results. Future studies are necessary to determine how axis selectivity develops in dLGN. In order to test whether our results are consistent with the generation of ASLGNs by chance integration of DSRGC afferents with opposing direction preferences, we generated a simple model based on random retinogeniculate wiring. In this model, dLGN neurons receive one to three driving retinal inputs (Chen and Regehr, 2000) randomly distributed according to the fraction of DS inputs from the retina.