In this study, we show that diffuse transcranial irradiation of the injury site with far red to near infrared (NIR) light (WARP 10 LED array, center wavelength 670 nm, irradiance 252W/m(-2), 30 min exposure), as opposed to perception

of light at this wavelength, reduced oxidative stress in areas of the ON vulnerable to secondary degeneration following partial injury. The WARP 10 NIR light treatment also prevented increases in NG-2-immunopositive oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that occurred in ventral ON as a result of partial Autophagy Compound Library ic50 ON transection. Importantly, normal visual function was restored by NIR light treatment with the WARP 10 LED array, as assessed using optokinetic nystagmus and the Y-maze pattern discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that 670-nm AC220 supplier NIR light can reduce oxidative stress and improve function in the CNS following traumatic injury in vivo.”
“To analyze the clinicopathological features and prognosis of T1mic, a, bN0M0 breast cancer.\n\nThe clinical data and survival status of 4487 cases of operable breast cancer

treated in our hospital from 2002 to 2005 were collected, including 372 cases with T1mic, a, bN0M0 breast cancers. These patients were divided into four subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive. Disease-free survival and risk factors for recurrence were identified.\n\nWe identified 372 eligible patients. The median follow-up was 78 months (range: 5106 months). Univariate analysis showed age, adjuvant endocrine therapy, hormonal receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis Epigenetics inhibitor showed that hormonal receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 were prognostic factors. In the hormonal receptor-positive group, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive patients (Luminal B) had a four times higher recurrence risk than human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (Luminal

A) patients. However, there was no statistically significant difference between hormonal receptor-negative groups (triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive).\n\nHormonal receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 were independent factors of 5-year disease-free survival for patients with T1mic, a, bN0M0 breast cancer. The Luminal B group had a worse prognosis than the Luminal A group, but there was no statistically significant difference between triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive groups.”
“Background and Objectives: Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of infliximab (IFX) in clinical practice in three Primary Care, Hospital Centers.\n\nMaterial and Methods: From September 2004 to December 2008 62 patients (28 males, 34 females, mean age 30.

Imaging studies were not conclusive; however, brain biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Serology was positive for anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin G. Cerebral toxoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients under immunosuppressive medication who present with neurological manifestations.”
“Recent functional imaging studies demonstrated that brain exhibit coherent, synchronized activities during testing state and the dynamics may be impaired Galardin in various psychiatric illnesses. In order to investigate the change of neural dynamics in bipolar disorder, we used a new nonlinear

measurement “similarity index” to analyze the magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings and test the hypothesis that there are synchronization changes within different frequency bands in the frontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Ten

patients with bipolar I disorder during euthymic phase and ten normal controls underwent 2 min eye-closed resting recording with a whole-head 306-channel MEG system. Eleven channels of MEG data from frontal PLX3397 solubility dmso area were selected for analysis. Synchronization level in the delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-24 Hz) bands was calculated for each subject and compared across group. The results showed that significant dynamic changes in bipolar patients can be characterized by increased synchronization of slow frequency oscillations (delta) and decreased synchronization of fast frequency oscillations (beta). Furthermore, the positive correlation between beta synchronization level and preservative errors in Wisconcin Card sorting task was found which would implicate the deficit of executive function in bipolar patients. Out findings indicate that analysis of spontaneous MEG recordings at resting state using nonlinear dynamic AZD6094 approaches may disclose the Subtle regional changes of neural dynamics in BD. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) the standard at many institutions caring for noma patients. Patients with positive SLNB are

currently offered completion lymph node dissection (CLND) of the affected lymph node basin. procedure entails considerable morbidity and is often applied to patients with shortened life expectancies. Because 80% of CLNDs yield no additional positive nodes and there is no proof that CLND leads to survival improvement, criteria are needed to limit this procedure to those most likely to harbor nonsentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases.\n\nMethods. A retrospective review of 349 cases of melanoma from January 1999 to April 2007 that underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy at a single institution was done. Statistical analysis was used to compare two subgroups of patients: a positive CLND group and a negative CLND group.

“
“The current standard of care for head and neck cancer includes surgical resection of the tumor followed by targeted head and neck radiation. This radiotherapy results in a multitude of negative side effects in adjacent normal tissues. Autophagy is a cellular

mechanism that could be targeted to ameliorate these side effects based on its role in cellular homeostasis. In this study, we utilized Atg5(f/f); Aqp5-Cre mice which harbor a conditional knockout of Atg5, in salivary acinar cells. These autophagy-deficient click here mice display increased radiosensitivity. Treatment of wild-type mice with radiation did not robustly induce autophagy following radiotherapy, however, using a model of preserved salivary gland function by IGF-1-treatment prior to irradiation, we demonstrate increased autophagosome formation 6-8 hours following radiation. Additionally, administration of IGF-1 to Atg5(f/f); Aqp5-Cre mice did not preserve physiological function. Thus, autophagy appears to play a

beneficial role in salivary glands following radiation and pharmacological induction of autophagy could alleviate the negative side effects associated with therapy for head and neck cancer.”
“Two cases of a primary mediastinal ERK inhibitor manufacturer tumor showing both thymoma and seminoma elements are presented. The patients were 2 men, aged 32 and 34 years, respectively. Clinically, both patients presented with symptoms related to their mediastinal masses, namely, chest pain and shortness of breath. Neither patient had any previous history of malignancy elsewhere. Diagnostic imaging revealed the presence of large anterior mediastinal masses. Both patients underwent thoracotomy with complete resection of their tumors. Grossly, the lesions measured 6 and 8 cm in greatest diameter, respectively and were tan and firm

without areas of hemorrhage or necrosis. Both tumors appeared to be well circumscribed and grossly not involving any adjacent structures. Histologic sections showed the presence of distinct areas in the same tumor mass check details corresponding to conventional thymoma, whereas other areas corresponded to seminoma. Both components appeared to be present in almost equal proportions in the tumor. Immunohistochemical studies showed distinct labeling for each component: the thymoma component was positive for CAM5.2, Pax8, and cytokeratin 5/6; the seminoma component was positive for CAM5.2, SALL4, OCT3/4, and placental-like alkaline phosphatase. Both patients are currently alive and well 12 and 18 months after surgery, respectively. The cases herein described highlight the importance of ample sampling in mediastinal tumors and document for the first time the existence of combined thymoma thymic seminomas. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The feasibility of using F-18-SKI696 as a PET agent was examined in vivo, and F-18-SKI696 PET was shown to visualize K562 tumor xenografts in nude mice. The tumor was visible on PET 1 h after injection, with uptake of 1% of the injected dose. Biodistribution studies IPI-145 cost in K562-bearing mice were also performed, and the uptake of F-18-SKI696 (percentage injected dose per gram) for each organ was calculated. Conclusion: The results of the binding assay

showed that SKI696 has selectivity and binding affinity comparable to imatinib. Small-animal PET of K562 tumor-bearing mice using F-18-SKI696 as a PET agent displayed promising tumor uptake and tumor-to-nontarget contrast. Because F-18-SKI696 has been taken up in vivo by tumors that overexpress Bcr-Abl, we are exploring a possible role for identifying

tumors that will respond to imatinib before therapy.”
“Plant biomass is a renewable and potentially sustainable resource for the production of liquid biofuels and a multitude of bio-based materials. To tailor plants for biofuel production, a powerful gene discovery program targeted to cell ACY-738 wall recalcitrance genes is needed. In parallel, a system is required that reveals the pleiotropic effects of gene modifications and that delivers the fundamental knowledge necessary for successful gene stacking. In our opinion, these objectives can be pioneered through a systems biology approach in Arabidopsis. We develop our ideas with a focus on the lignin biosynthetic pathway, because lignin is among the most important factors determining cell wall recalcitrance.”
“Background: Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative retrovirus of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mcc950-sodium-salt.html (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 gene expression is maintained at low levels in vivo by unknown mechanisms. A combination therapy of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and zidovudin (AZT) shows therapeutic effects in ATL patients, although

its mechanism is also obscure. We previously found that viral gene expression in IL-2-dependent HTLV-1-infected T-cells (ILTs) derived from ATL patients was markedly suppressed by stromal cells through a type I IFN response. Here, we investigated the effects of IFN-alpha with or without AZT on viral gene expression and cell growth in ILTs.\n\nResults: ILTs expressed variable but lower amounts of HTLV-1 Tax protein than HTLV-1-transformed HUT102 cells. Following the addition of IFN-alpha, the amounts of HTLV-1 p19 in the supernatants of these cells decreased in three days, while HTLV-1 gene expression decreased only in ILTs but not HUT102 cells. IFN-alpha also suppressed the spontaneous HTLV-1 induction in primary ATL cells cultured for 24 h. A time course study using ILTs revealed that the levels of intracellular Tax proteins decreased in the first 24 h after addition of IFN-alpha, before the reduction in HTLV-1 mRNA levels.

Glucose tolerance was only impaired in adult males. CD-fed adult males

showed fewer entries into the aversive open arms and groomed more on the EPM, whereas adult females spent more time on these arms. In the OF, CD-fed females of both ages visited the inner zone more frequently and travelled a longer distance. The behavioural data suggests anxiolysis in CD-fed females and signs of increased anxiety in adult males. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that feeding CD leads to both obesity and behavioural changes in rats. Overall, these effects were more pronounced in older rats, with the behavioural effects being particularly gender dependent. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Aim. – To describe drugs used in the non-hormonal treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Material. – Bibliographical search was performed from the database Medline (National learn more Library of Medicine, PubMed) and websites of the HAS and the ANSM. The search was focused on the characteristics,

the mode of action, the efficiency and the side effects of the various drugs concerned. Results. – The metabolic radiotherapy although under-used for this indication, kept a place at the beginning of the disease. Radium-223 chloride seems to have to occupy an important place in the coming years. The chemotherapy, the only recourse until very recently in the castration-resistant prostate cancer, must Acalabrutinib ic50 redefine its place partially. The denosumab provide an interesting alternative to bisphosphonates. Conclusion. – The non-hormonal treatment of the metastatic disease PXD101 solubility dmso of the prostate cancer is changing rapidly with the emergence of new molecules. Urologist must know perfectly these new drugs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE. To compare the changes in iris volume with pupil dilation using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in eyes of subjects with different subtypes

of primary angle closure.\n\nMETHODS. This prospective study examined 44 fellow eyes (FA group) of subjects with previous acute primary angle closure (APAC), and 56 subjects (AC group) with chronic primary angle closure and/or primary angle closure glaucoma. All participants underwent gonioscopy and AS-OCT imaging. The iris volume, iris cross-sectional area, and pupil diameter were measured with custom semiautomated software. The main outcome variable analyzed was mean change in iris volume between light and dark conditions in a multivariate linear regression analysis.\n\nRESULTS. Thirty-five eyes from the FA group (79.5%) and 50 eyes from the AC group (89.3%) were included in the final analysis. When going from light to dark, iris volume did not change significantly in eyes in the FA group (+/- 1.50 +/- 6.73 mm(3); P = 0.19), but decreased in the AC group by 1.52 +/- 3.07 mm(3) (P < 0.001). This difference was significant (P = 0.01).

The deposition of HA increases in inflamed tissues in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We therefore wanted to define the mechanism by which platelets degrade HA in the

inflamed tissues. In this study, we show that human platelets degrade the proinflammatory matrix HA through the activity of HYAL2 and that platelet activation causes the immediate translocation of HYAL2 from a distinct population of a-granules to platelet surfaces where it exerts its catalytic activity. Finally, we show that patients with IBD have lower platelet HYAL2 levels and activity than healthy controls.”
“Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are cytosolic enzymes that Duvelisib catalyze the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme buy BKM120 A (AcCoA) to the free amino group of arylamines and hydrazines. Previous studies have reported that overexpression of NAT from Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be responsible for increased resistance to the front-line antitubercular drug, isoniazid, by acetylating and hence inactivating the prodrug. We report the kinetic characterization of M. tuberculosis NAT which reveals that substituted anilines are excellent substrates but that isoniazid is a very poor substrate for this enzyme. We propose that the expression of NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT) is unlikely to be a significant cause of isoniazid resistance. The kinetic parameters for a variety of TBNAT substrates

were examined, including 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and AcCoA, revealing K,, values of 0.32 +/- 0.03 and 0.14 +/- 0.02 mM, respectively. Steady-state kinetic analysis of TBNAT reveals that the enzyme catalyzes the reaction via a bi-bi ping-pong kinetic mechanism. The pH dependence of the kinetic parameters reveals that one enzyme

group must be deprotonated for optimal catalytic activity and that two amino acid residues at the active site of the free enzyme are involved in binding and/or catalysis. Solvent kinetic isotope effects suggest that proton transfer steps are not rate-limiting selleck in the overall reaction for substituted aniline substrates but become rate-limiting when poor hydrazide substrates are used.”
“Cisplatin, a standard chemotherapeutic agent for many tumors, has an unfortunately common toxicity where almost a third of patients develop renal dysfunction after a single dose. Acute kidney injury caused by cisplatin depends on Fas-mediated apoptosis driven by Fas ligand (FasL) expressed on tubular epithelial and infiltrating immune cells. Since the role of FasL in T cells is known, we investigated whether its presence in primary kidney cells is needed for its toxic effect. We found that all cisplatin-treated wild-type (wt) mice died within 6 days; however, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/beige mice (B-, T-, and natural killer-cell-deficient) displayed a significant survival benefit, with only 55% mortality while exhibiting significant renal failure.

The need to inform pig farmers about biological occupational risks is therefore crucial.”
“The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize virosome containing envelope proteins of the

avian influenza (H5N1) virus. The virosome was prepared by the solubilization of virus with octaethyleneglycol mono (n-dodecyl) ether (C12E8) followed by detergent removal with SM2 Bio-Beads. Biochemical analysis by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, indicated that avian influenza learn more H5N1 virosome had similar characteristics to the parent virus and contained both the hemagglutinin (HA, 60-75 kDa) and neuraminidase (NA, 220 kDa) protein, with preserved biological activity, such as hemagglutination activity. The virosome structure was analyzed by negative

stained transmission electron microscope (TEM) demonstrated that the spherical shapes of vesicles with surface glycoprotein spikes were harbored. In conclusion, the biophysical properties of the virosome selleck chemical were similar to the parent virus, and the use of octaethyleneglycol mono (n-dodecyl) ether to solubilize viral membrane, followed by removal of detergent using polymer beads adsorption (BioBeads SM2) was the preferable method for obtaining avian influenza virosome. The outcome of this study might be useful for further development veterinary virus vaccines. (C) 2013 PVJ. All rights reserved”
“QuestionIncreasing population pressure, socio-economic development and associated natural BI 6727 resource use in savannas are resulting in large-scale land cover changes, which can be mapped using remote sensing. Is a three-dimensional (3D) woody vegetation

structural classification applied to LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data better than a 2D analysis to investigate change in fine-scale woody vegetation structure over 2yrs in a protected area (PA) and a communal rangeland (CR)? LocationBushbuckridge Municipality and Sabi Sand Wildtuin, NE South Africa. MethodsAirborne LiDAR data were collected over 3300ha in April 2008 and 2010. Individual tree canopies were identified using object-based image analysis and classified into four height classes: 1-3, 3-6, 6-10 and bigger than 10m. Four structural metrics were calculated for 0.25-ha grid cells: canopy cover, number of canopy layers present, cohesion and number of height classes present. The relationship between top-of-canopy cover and sub-canopy cover was investigated using regression. Gains, losses and persistence (GLP) of cover at each height class and the four structural metrics were calculated. GLP of clusters of each structural metric (calculated using LISA – Local Indicators of Spatial Association – statistics) were used to assess the changes in clusters of each metric over time. ResultsTop-of-canopy cover was not a good predictor of sub-canopy cover.

In addition, pretreatment with bumetanide (200 mu M), a Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter inhibitor, in the basolateral solution significantly reduced the PRL-stimulated Isc. Replacement of Cl- or HCO3- in the bathing solutions also decreased the Isc response to PRL. Pretreatment of the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/p5091-p005091.html monolayer with AG490 (50 mu M), an inhibitor of JAK2 activity significantly inhibited the PRL-induced increase in Isc. Western blot analysis of the porcine endometrial epithelial cells revealed the presence of short isoform of PRL receptor (PRLR-S) that could be regulated by 17 beta-estradiol. The

results of this investigation showed that PRL acutely stimulated anion secretion across the porcine endometrial epithelial cells possibly through PRLR-S present in both apical and basolateral membranes. The PRL response appeared to be mediated by the JAK2-dependent pathway.”
“Patients undergoing laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy present with various esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms. Given a recurrence rate of up to 44%, LY294002 in vivo reoperative intervention is necessary on a number of patients. The goal of this

study is to determine whether patients proceeding with reoperative laparoscopic paraesophageal herniorrhaphy experienced symptom resolution equal to or better than patients undergoing first-time repair.\n\nA frequency-based symptom assessment consisting of 24 esophageal and extraesophageal reflux symptoms was developed and administered pre- and postoperatively to patients undergoing initial

or reoperative paraesophageal herniorrhaphy during a 7-year period. A composite score for esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms was calculated. Retrospective analysis of patient records including diagnostic studies, and operative and postoperative progress notes was performed. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.\n\nIn 195 patients, 89.9% of patients had resolved or improved individual symptom scores at 6 months postoperatively after primary or reoperative paraesophageal learn more herniorrhaphy. Paraesophageal herniorrhaphy resulted in improvements of both esophageal (16.1 +/- A 8.5 preoperatively versus 3.5 +/- A 5.0 at 6 months postoperatively; p < 0.001) and extraesophageal (8.6 +/- A 7.5 preoperatively versus 2.2 +/- A 5.1 at 6 months postoperatively; p < 0.001) composite scores and all individual symptom scores (p < 0.05). Preoperatively, patients undergoing reoperative surgery had significantly higher solid dysphagia and abdominal discomfort, but lower odynophagia scores. Furthermore, reoperative patients had significantly lower preoperative composite extraesophageal scores (6.1 +/- A 7.2 reoperative versus 9.1 +/- A 7.5 primary; p < 0.05) and individual symptom scores in laryngitis, hoarseness, and coughing. Only heartburn in reoperative patients was significantly higher at 12 months postoperatively.

Additional FcR-bearing cells, including K562, U937, and human mast cell 1 (HMC-1), were analyzed for apoptosis induction following infection.

Although all cells displayed high susceptibility to antibody-enhanced dengue selleck products virus infection, only cells of a mast cell phenotype ( KU812 and HMC-1) were found to undergo apoptosis. Dengue-induced apoptosis of KU812 cells was shown to require antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection by blockade of Fc gamma RII. Transfection of KU812 cells with L-SIGN/DC-SIGNR was able to overcome the requirement for antibody enhancement with regard to dengue virus infection and apoptosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 85: 71-80; 2009.”
“The effects of food grade fungus Rhizopus oligosporus stress on phytochemicals and phytoalexins of germinating peanut seeds were investigated by comparing the metabolic profiles of ungerminated (UG), germinated (G), and

germinated seeds under fungal stress (GS). Three types of peanut seeds with different skin color (red, reddish brown, and black) were compared in the process. The polyphenolic contents were analyzed and correlated with antioxidant capacity for specific free radicals including peroxyl radical ROO center dot(ORAC), hydroxyl radical HO center dot (HORAC), superoxide radical O-2(center dot-) (SORAC), Selleck Nutlin3 and DPPH radical. The polyphenolic fingerprints analyzed by HPLC and LC-MSn showed that phenolic acids (coumaric, sinapinic, and ferulic acids derivatives) were the major group of phenolic compounds in ungerminated seeds. G or GS increased the level of phenolic acids, phytoalexins, and antioxidant capacity values in reddish and red peanuts but not in black peanuts. From the LC-MSn selleck chemicals llc spectral data, 45 compounds were identified tentatively in the germinated

peanuts, including 14 coumaric acids, 3 ferulic acids, 4 sinapinic acids, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 1 caffeic acid, 2 flavonoids, and 19 stilbenoids derivatives. Reddish brown germinated peanuts produced the highest amount of phytoalexins after GS with 55 compounds detected. Forty-five of these compounds were suggested as stilbenoid phytoalexins derivatives. The high content of phytoalexins may enhance the bioactivity of peanut seeds as functional food ingredients.”
“Background: The P-loop NTPases constitute one of the largest groups of globular protein domains that play highly diverse functional roles in most of the organisms. Even with the availability of nearly 300 different Hidden Markov Models representing the P-loop NTPase superfamily, not many P-loop NTPases are known in Plasmodium falciparum. A number of characteristic attributes of the genome have resulted into the lack of knowledge about this functionally diverse, but important class of proteins.\n\nMethod: In the study, protein sequences with characteristic motifs of NTPase domain (Walker A and Walker B) are computationally extracted from the P. falciparum database.

Here we demonstrate that Meis1, a TALE family homeodomain https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html transcription factor involved in numerous embryonic developmental processes, is selectively expressed in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Conditional Meis1 knockout in adult hematopoietic cells resulted in a significant reduction in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Suppression of hematopoiesis by Meis1 deletion appears to be caused by impaired self-renewal activity and reduced cellular quiescence of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in a cell autonomous manner, resulting in stem cell exhaustion and defective long-term hematopoiesis. Meis1 deficiency down-regulated

a subset of Pbx1-dependent hematopoietic stem cell signature genes, suggesting a functional link between them in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. These results show the importance of Meis1 in adult hematopoiesis.”
“Objectives: To explore the potential prognostic significance of the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as the LMR has been repeatedly proposed to have a negative effect buy SHP099 on patient’s survival in various hematological and solid cancers. However, findings about LMR’s prognostic significance in RCC have not been reported yet. Methods

and materials: We retrospectively evaluated the prognostic significance of the LMR in a cohort comprising 678 patients with nonmetastatic clear cell RCC, who were operated between 2000 and 2010 with curative radical or partial nephrectomy at a single tertiary academic center. Preoperative LMR was calculated 1 day before surgical intervention. Patients were categorized using an LMR cutoff of 3.0. Cancer-specific survival (CSS), metastasis-free survival, and overall survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of the LMR, multivariate Cox

regression models were applied. Additionally, the influence of the LMR on the predictive accuracy of INCB028050 nmr the Leibovich prognosis score was determined using the Harrell concordance index (c-index) and decision curve analysis. Results: Low LMR was statistically significantly associated with older patients ( bigger than = 65 y), high tumor grade (G3 + G4), advanced pathologic T category (pT3 + pT4), the presence of histologic tumor necrosis, and male gender (P smaller than 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified a low LMR as an independent prognostic factor for patients’ CSS (hazard ratio = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.10-4.94; P = 0.027). The estimated c-index was 0.83 using the Leibovich prognosis score and 0.86 when the LMR was added. Conclusions: Regarding CSS of patients with RCC, a decreased LMR represents an independent prognostic factor. Adding the LMR to well-established prognostic models, such as the Leibovich prognosis score, might improve their predictive ability. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc.