These results provide the first evidence that NMDARs and LTCCs interact to permit calcium-dependent mitral cell plasticity during early odor preference learning. “
“What are the neuroplastic mechanisms that allow some stroke patients to regain high-quality control of their paretic leg, when others do not? One theory implicates ipsilateral corticospinal pathways projecting from the non-lesioned hemisphere. We devised a new transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to identify ipsilateral corticospinal tract conductivity from the non-lesioned hemisphere to the paretic limb in chronic stroke patients. We also assessed

corticospinal tract degeneration by diffusion GDC 941 tensor imaging, and used an ankle tracking task to assess lower limb motor control. We found greater tracking error during antiphase bilateral ankle movement for patients with strong conductivity from the non-lesioned hemisphere to the paretic ankle than for those with weak or no conductivity. These findings suggest that, instead of assisting

motor control, contributions to lower limb motor control from the non-lesioned hemisphere of some stroke survivors may be maladaptive. “
“The interactions between inhibitory fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and excitatory pyramidal neurons contribute to the fundamental properties of cortical networks. An important role for FS interneurons in mediating Regorafenib chemical structure rapid inhibition in local sensory and motor cortex microcircuits and processing thalamic inputs to the cortex has been shown in multiple reports; Endonuclease however, studies in the prefrontal cortex, a

key neocortical region supporting working memory, are less numerous. In the present work, connections between layer 2/3 pyramidal cells and FS interneurons were studied with paired whole-cell recordings in acute neocortical slices of the medial prefrontal cortex from juvenile rats. The connection rate between FS interneurons and pyramidal neurons was about 40% in each direction with 16% of pairs connected reciprocally. Excitatory and inhibitory connections had a high efficacy and a low neurotransmission failure rate. Sustained presynaptic activity decreased the amplitude of responses and increased the failure rate more in excitatory connections than in inhibitory connections. In the reciprocal connections between the FS and pyramidal neurons, inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission was more efficient and had a lower failure rate than in the unidirectional connections; the differences increased during the train stimulation. These results suggest the presence of distinct preferential subnetworks between FS interneurons and pyramidal cells in the rat prefrontal cortex that might be specific for this cortical area. “
“Serotonin-6 (5-HT6) receptors are densely expressed in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), a brain region linked to habits.