Antimicrobial discs and control strain E. coli ATCC 35218 were obtained from Remel. The antimicrobial discs used contained

ampicillin (10 μg), streptomycin (10 μg), trimethoprim (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg) and sulphonamide (300 μg). Inhibition zone diameters were interpreted in accordance with CLSI guidelines with WHONET Maraviroc nmr software version 5.3 [38]. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to nalidixic acid were measured using the agar dilution technique on Mueller-Hinton agar as recommended by the CLSI and using E. coli ATCC 35218 as control [39]. Mutational analysis of the Quinolone-Resistance Determining Regions of gyrA and parC DNA was extracted from each quinolone-resistant isolate, using the Promega Wizard genomic extraction kit. The QRDR of the gyrA and parC genes were amplified from DNA templates by PCR using Platinum PCR supermix (Invitrogen)

and the primer pairs listed in Table 2. PCR reactions began with a two-minute hot start at 94°C followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, annealing temperature, 30 s and 72°C for 30 s. gyrA amplifications were annealed at 58°C and parC reactions were annealed at 52°C. E. coli K-12 MG1655 [40] was used as a control. Amplicons see more were sequenced on both strands and predicted peptide sequences were compared to the corresponding gene from the MG1655 genome [40] by pair-wise FASTA alignments. Table 2 Oligonucleotide primers used in this study Target gene Primer Primer Sequence Purpose

Reference gyrA gyrA12004 TGC CAG ATG TCC GAG AT gyrA QRDR amplification [12]   gyrA11753 GTA TAA CGC ATT GCC GC     parC EC-PAR-A CTG AAT GCC AGC GCC AAA TT parC QRDR amplification [43]   EC-PAR-B GCG AAC GAT TTC GGA TCG TC     qnrA qnrA-1A TTC AGC AAG ATT TCT CA qnrA detection [42]   qnrA-1B GGC AGC ACT ATT ACT CCC AA     qnrB qnrB-CS-1A CCT GAG CGG CAC TGA ATT TAT tuclazepam qnrB detection [42]   qnrB-CS-1B GTT TGC TGC TCG CCA GTC GA     qnrS qnrS-1A CAA TCA TAC ATA TCG GCA CC qnrS detection [42]   qnr-1B TCA GGA TAA ACA ACA ATA CCC     qepA qepA-F GCAGGTC CAGCAGCGGGTAG qepA detection [41]   qepA-R CTTCCTGCCCGAGTATC GTG     adk adk F ATTCTGCTTGGCGCTCCGGG MLST [19]   adk R CCGTCAACTTTCGCGTATTT     fumC fumC F TCACAGGTCGCCAGCGCTTC MLST [19]   fumC R GTACGCAGCGAAAAAGATTC     gyrB gyrB F TCGGCGACACGGATGACGGC MLST [19]   gyrB R ATCAGGCCTTCACGCGCATC     icd icd F ATGGAAAGTAAAGTAGTTGTTCCGGCACA MLST [19]   icd R GGACGCAGCAGGATCTGTT     mdh mdh F ATGAAAGTCGCAGTCCTCGGCGCTGCTGGCGG MLST [19]   mdh R TTAACGAACTCCTGCCCCAGAGCGATATCTTTCTT     purA purA F CGCGCTGATGAAAGAGATGA MLST [19]   purA R CATACGGTAAGCCACGCAGA     recA recA F CGCATTCGCTTTACCCTGACC MLST [19]   recA R TCGTCGAAATCTACGGACCGGA     MLST – multi-locus sequence typing; QRDR – quinolone-resistance determining region Identification of horizontally-acquired quinolone-resistance genes Horizontally-acquired quinolone-resistance genes were identified by PCR.