Alexa- and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated see more secondary antibodies were

used to detect surface-bound antibodies. A DAPI counterstain was used to document the presence of leptospires. The photomicrograph show the results of one of three representative experiments. (PPT 1 MB) References 1. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, VInetz JM: Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3:757–771.PubMedCrossRef 2. Levett PN: Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001, 14:296–326.PubMedCrossRef 3. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M: Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009, 7:736–747.PubMedCrossRef 4. Louvel H, Picardeau M: Genetic Manipulation of Leptospira biflexa. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley and Sons; 2007. 5. Bourhy P, Louvel H, Saint

I, Picardeau M: Random insertional BIIB057 order mutagenesis of Leptospira interrogans , the agent of leptospirosis, using a mariner transposon. J Bacteriol 2005, 187:3255–3258.PubMedCrossRef 6. Croda J, Figueira CP, Wunder EAJ, Santos CS, Reis MG, Ko AI, Picardeau M: Targeted mutagenesis in pathogenic Leptospira : Disruption of the ligB gene does not affect virulence in animal models of leptospirosis. Infect Immun 2008, 76:5826–5833.PubMedCrossRef 7. Murray GL, Morel V, Cerqueira GM, et al.: Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infect Immun 2009, 77:810–816.PubMedCrossRef

selleck chemical 8. Saint I, Bourhy P, Ottone C, Picardeau M, Yelton D, Hendrix RW, Glaser P, Charon N: The LE1 bacteriophage replicates as a plasmid within Leptospira biflexa : construction of an L. biflexa – Escherichia coli shuttle vector. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:5700–5705.CrossRef 9. Picardeau M: Conjugative transfer between Escherichia coli and Leptospira spp. as a new genetic tool. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:319–322.PubMedCrossRef 10. Koizumi N, Watanabe H: Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins elicit protective immunity. Vaccine 2004, Vildagliptin 22:1545–1552.PubMedCrossRef 11. Matsunaga J, Barocchi MA, Croda J, et al.: Pathogenic Leptospira species express surface-exposed proteins belonging to the bacterial immunoglobulin superfamily. Mol Microbiol 2003, 49:929–945.PubMedCrossRef 12. Palaniappan RU, Chang YF, Jusuf SS, et al.: Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA protein of Leptospira interrogans . Infect Immun 2002, 70:5924–5930.PubMedCrossRef 13. Choy HA, Kelley MM, Chen TL, Møller AK, Matsunaga J, Haake DA: Physiological osmotic induction of Leptospira interrogans adhesion: LigA and LigB bind extracellular matrix proteins and fibrinogen. Infect Immun 2007, 75:2441–2450.PubMedCrossRef 14. Lin YP, Chang YF: A domain of the Leptospira LigB contributes to high affinity binding of fibronectin.