Plates
were incubated overnight at 37°C. Zone of inhibition of bacterial growth was measured (diameter in mm) and on the basis of zone of inhibition, isolates were segregated [38]. The strains were distinguishable at a preliminary level on the basis of response to all the 12 different antibiotics [see Additional file 1]. Determination of metabolic characteristics Different isolates were patched individually onto selective media such as LB agar (as control), casein hydrolysate (1%), starch (1%), tributyrin (1%) and to identify their abilities to produce amylase, lipase and protease activity, respectively. All ISRIB supplier the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24–48 h. These activities were checked by observing for a zone
of clearing around each bacterial isolate. For protease activity, plates containing casein hydrolysate were visualized by coomassie BAY 1895344 supplier staining of the plates. For starch, the zone of clearing was observed after flooding the plates with iodine solution. Relative enzyme activity was calculated by finding the ratio of zone of clearing (mm) and size of the bacterial colony (mm). Culture-Independent Method 16S rRNA gene library construction Total DNA isolation Total microbial DNA was extracted by adapting minor modifications in the protocol described by Broderick et al. (2004) [48]. Midgut extracts were thawed and 600 μl of Tris-EDTA (TE) (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM EDTA) was added to each tube. The contents of the tube were then sonicated for 30 sec. as described earlier to separate bacterial cells from the gut wall and 537 μl of TE was removed and placed in a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. The sample was sonicated
under the same conditions for 45 s to break open bacterial cells and was mixed thoroughly with 60 μl of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 3 μl of 50 mg of proteinase K/ml and was incubated for CHIR-99021 mouse 1:30 h at 37°C. Each tube was mixed with 100 μl of 5 M NaCl prior to the addition of 80 μl of 10% buy PF-6463922 cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-5 M NaCl. The sample was mixed thoroughly and incubated at 65°C for 30 min. DNA was extracted with equal volumes of chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (CIA) (24:1 [vol/vol]) and phenol CIA (25:24:1 [vol/vol/vol]). DNA was precipitated with isopropanol and recovered by centrifugation. Pellets were resuspended in 100 μl of TE buffer. DNA concentration and purity was determined by absorbance ratio at 260/280 nm, and the DNA suspension was stored at -20°C until it was used for PCR and further analysis.