It is possible that α-IPMS-14CR failed to respond to https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html l-leucine inhibition

because the transmission of the l-leucine inhibition signal, learn more the isomerization step or both were obstructed by the large segment of 266 amino acid residues, preventing the formation of the tight complex of enzyme and leucine. Repetitive DNA sequences can rearrange to increase or decrease the number of the repetitive elements through replication “”slippage”" events [24]. Thus, strains with low numbers of tandem repeats can evolve to have higher copy numbers and vice versa. VNTR4155 analysis of 85 clinical strains from Amnatchareon showed that the frequencies of bacteria with 2, 3, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 21 copies of the repeat unit are 74.1, 4.7, 7, 1.1, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4 and 1.1%, respectively [25]. While most strains contain two copies, including most of the Beijing strains, the existence of strains with high copy numbers suggest that there may be a selective advantage

to having more repeat units in some environments. Previous studies have shown that leucine auxotrophs (leuDΔ mutants) of M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis are unable to grow in macrophages and in mice [26, 27], suggesting that leucine cannot be obtained in such environments. Although there is no data on the amino acid concentrations in M. tuberculosis present in macrophages, it can be speculated that α-IPMS proteins with high copy numbers of the repeat may be useful in macrophages. With a lower Km, α-IPMS can work sufficiently even at low concentrations of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html substrate, and with a low Vmax, growth is only partially affected. Moreover, l-leucine feedback inhibition may not be necessary

in M. tuberculosis when it is residing in macrophages. Whether VNTR4155 contributes to the differential survival in these environments is unknown. Conclusion α-IPMS-2CR and α-IPMS-14CR have significantly different affinities for the two substrates, α-ketoisovalerate and acetyl CoA, and respond differently to inhibition by the enzymatic end-product, l-leucine. The large insertion of the VNTR (14 copies) likely interferes with the enzyme structure and function, though it is also possible that α-IPMS-14CR does not bind l-leucine and, therefore, does not respond to feedback inhibition. Further work on the binding of l-leucine to α-IPMS-14CR will clarify this result. Methods Materials ALOX15 Acetyl CoA, DTNB [5,5'-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid); Ellman's Reagent], α-ketoisovaleric acid and l-leucine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA. All other chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and were of reagent grade. Restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase were obtained from New England Biolabs, Bevery, MA, USA. Taq DNA polymerase was obtained from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA. Bacterial strains and culture media Escherichia coli strain DH5α was used for maintaining and cloning plasmid DNA. E. coli strain BL21 (λDE3) [28] was used for protein expression. M.