¶ **, * Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, † Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ‡ Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, § Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ¶ Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ** Liver Research Facility, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, †† Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital,

Ghent, Belgium, ‡‡ Department of Pediatrics, Cystic Fibrosis Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, §§ Department www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html of Pulmonology, Cystic Fibrosis Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, AZD5363 ic50 ¶¶ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 11 Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden, 12 Department

of Pediatrics, Cliniques St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, 13 Department of Pathology, Cliniques St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. “
“Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) encompasses reversible neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by a buildup of gut derived toxins such as ammonia seen in patients with severe liver disease. Its symptoms range from clinically undetectable cognitive changes to overt coma. Patients with HE often have preserved intellectual and verbal abilities but have problems with sleepiness and attention. Precipitating factors like GI bleeding, dehydration, or infection significantly contribute to the development of overt episodes of HE. Early detection and treatment of these factors is an important part of therapy. Lactulose remains the mainstay

of treatment of HE. Rifaximin, metronidazole, Glutathione peroxidase and other drugs are considered to be second line therapy, especially for patients with recurrent hospitalizations despite taking lactulose properly. One-year mortality is 60% after the first episode of overt HE. Appropriate candidates should be considered for liver transplantation. “
“Liver cirrhosis can cause portal hypertension with refractory ascites and variceal bleeding as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, there is a rising patient population previously treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS) for portal hypertension suffering from HCC. So far a negative influence of TIPS on HCC concerning treatment options has been suspected, since due to reduced portal liver perfusion only transarterial chemotherapy (TAC) instead of additional embolization (TACE) is usually performed. Therefore, the effect of embolization, which has a higher antitumoral potency than intra-arterial chemotherapy itself, is missing.[1] To evaluate treatment modalities in patients with TIPS and HCC we analyzed firstline treatment and overall survival (OS).