jds.or.jp/] and the Japan Association for Diabetes Education and Care [http://www.nittokyo.or.jp/]) describe that kidney dysfunction is common among patients with lactic acidosis associated with the use of biguanides, and attention should be given to the risk for an acute exacerbation of kidney dysfunction after the use of iodinated contrast media
in patients receiving biguanides. Accordingly, the present guidelines recommend that patients using biguanides should discontinue the drugs prior to the use of selleck inhibitor iodinated contrast media, except for cases requiring emergency contrast radiography, and should undergo other appropriate measures to prevent CIN. Does the development of CIN worsen vital prognosis of patients with CKD? Answer: The development of CIN
may adversely affect the vital prognosis of patients with CKD, and the prognosis of CKD patients with CIN is poor. However, it is unclear whether CIN is a factor that defines or predicts the prognosis. Although it is believed that CIN is transient and kidney function recovers in most patients, many reports described that the development of CIN affects vital prognosis [3, 32–41]. In a prospective study of 78 patients with CKD who underwent CAG, mortality at 5 years of follow-up were significantly higher among the 10 patients who developed reversible AKI (90 %) as compared with the 68 patients who had irreversible AKI (32 %) [32]. In a retrospective case-matched cohort study of 809 patients who developed CIN after CT, CT angiography (CTA), angiography, contrast Nutlin-3a venography, or cardiac catheterization (53 % of them received intravenous contrast media), and 2,427 patients who did not develop CIN after contrast
exposure, Ergoloid this website 1-year mortality was significantly higher in patients with CIN (31.8 %) than in those without CIN (22.6 %) [33]. In a study of the effects of CIN after the use of ioxaglate on the morbidity and mortality of 439 patients undergoing PCI, the cumulative 1-year mortality was significantly higher in the 161 patients with CIN (37.7 %) than in the 278 patients without CIN (19.4 %) [34]. In a study of 338 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing emergency PCI, the in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the 94 patients with CIN (9.6 %) than in the 244 patients without CIN (3.3 %) [35]. Although it is believed that the incidence of CIN is lower in patients receiving contrast media intravenously than in those receiving it intra-arterially, few reports have described the incidence of CIN and its effect on vital prognosis in patients receiving intravenous contrast media, and no consensus has been achieved regarding the difference in CIN incidence by route of administration [42, 43]. In a study of 421 patients with eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.