11.5.1 (Invitrogen/Life Technologies). To verify the full-length Atlantic cod ddc

cDNA sequence, PCR primers were designed to subdivide the sequence into 3 overlapping regions. In addition, PCR primers were designed to amplify Enzalutamide chemical structure the entire coding DNA sequence (CDS) as one fragment. PCR amplifications were performed using Advantage cDNA Polymerase Mix (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) with cDNA [from the low quality (female 12 and 13) cDNA pool] that had been synthesized for primer quality testing as template. Briefly, 50 μL reactions were prepared containing cDNA (corresponding to 50 ng of input total RNA), Advantage cDNA polymerase (1 × final concentration), the manufacturer’s cDNA PCR reaction buffer (1 × final concentration), 0.2 mM dNTPs, and 0.2 μM selleck chemicals llc each of the forward and the reverse primer. Touchdown PCR was used with 40 cycles of [94 °C for 30 sec, 65 °C decreasing by 0.3 °C per cycle (to 53.3 °C at cycle 40) for 30 sec, and finally 72 °C for 1.5 min]. Amplicons were subcloned and sequenced as described above. Sequence data was extracted using Sequence Scanner v1.0 (Life Technologies), and compiled and analyzed using Vector NTI (Vector NTI Advance v. 11.5.1, Life Technologies). Multiple sequence alignments were performed using AlignX (Vector NTI Advance v. 11.5.1, Life Technologies)

which uses the ClustalW algorithm ( Thompson et al., 1994). For phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses, alignments were imported in MSF format into MEGA version 5.1 ( Tamura et al., 2011). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method ( Saitou and Nei, 1987) with Poisson correction and pairwise deletion. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 replicates. The 15 females involved in this functional genomics study came from 11 families in a broodstock development program. Seven families were each represented by a single

female, while 4 families were each represented by 2 females (see female and family numbers in Fig. 1 and Supplemental Table 1). Percent fertilization values ranged from 38% (female 15) to 95% (female 5) (Table 4). Mean egg diameter for the aminophylline females used in this experiment ranged from 1.37 mm (female 4) to 1.56 mm (female 9), with mean egg diameters of females 2, 12 and 13 (i.e. the females involved in the microarray study) being 1.51, 1.50, and 1.46 mm, respectively (Table 4). Since fertilization of the egg batches occurred over a ~ 5 hour period using one male’s sperm that was held on ice (see Materials and Methods for details), it is important to note that fertilization time of day did not appear to influence percent fertilization (Table 4). The percent hatch and total mortality data (mean ± SE), based on four replicate incubation beakers per female, are shown in Fig. 1 (see Supplemental Table 1). Female 2 had the highest percent hatch (55.0 ± 2.2%), whereas females 12 and 13 had the lowest percent hatch by a large margin (both < 1%) (Fig. 1D; Table 4).