, 2008; USA). The groups were not different in terms of average birth weight, length, head circumference, BMI, Apgar scores, age and growth parameters at enrolment. Feeding with breast milk or specific formula did not produce any reliable effect on growth within the period of observation. Initial saliva sIgA levels in infants from the all groups were similar but after 2 months a significant difference between two formula feeding groups developed. Saliva concentration of sIgA in infants fed with the formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS was rising like in the reference (breastfeeding) group. At the same time no obvious changes were

found in infants fed with the formula without scGOS/lcFOS (Fig. 2). Concentration of lysozyme in Epacadostat manufacturer feces of infants from the breastfeeding group was high at the inclusion into the study and moderately decreased after 2 months. In infants from the second and third groups, concentrations of fecal lysozyme were significantly lower at the inclusion into the study comparing to the first group. However, after 2 months fecal lysozyme content was significantly higher

in infants fed with the formula supplemented http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html with scGOS/lcFOS than in babies fed with the standard formula (Fig. 3). The lowest level of saliva α-1-3 defensin concentration we identified in infants was from the breastfeeding group. Defensins’ concentrations in babies fed with the formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS were similar to the values in the breastfeeding group and significantly different from the values of infants fed with the standard formula. The increased level of saliva α-1-3 defensins produced by neutrophils in infants from the third group may indirectly indicate formation of pathological bacterial gut colonization and as a result – protective distress of immune reactions (Fig. 4). Analyzing quantitative features of gut microbiocenosis we determined that breastfed infants had the highest content of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli

in feces (9.047 ± 1.075 and 7.26 ± 0.65 CFU/g accordingly). In infants fed with formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS fecal concentrations of bifidobacteria Teicoplanin and lactobacilli were similar to those in breastfed infants (8.92 ± 1.011 and 7.22 ± 0.74 CFU/g accordingly). In infants fed with the standard formula without oligosaccharides concentrations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in feces were significantly lower (7.81 ± 0.83 and 6.81 ± 0.93 CFU/g accordingly; p < 0.05 for the both comparisons) ( Table I). We have also found a higher concentration of Candida fungi in feces of infants from the third group in comparison with the other babies (3.97 [0; 7.2] CFU/g vs. 3.65 [0; 5.73] CFU/g and 3.82 [0; 6.4] CFU/g accordingly in the first and second groups; p > 0.05).