30–33 In 1987, outbreaks in the United States and buy Epacadostat a large epidemic in Africa of meningococcal serogroup A disease were associated with returning pilgrims.33,34 More recently, in 2001 to 2002, outbreaks of serogroup W-135 disease in Europe, the United States, the Middle East, and Asia, as well as a large epidemic in Burkina Faso in Africa, were linked to returning pilgrims.30–32 One study assessing the risk for meningococcal disease spread as a result of the Hajj-evaluated N meningitidis carriage in US

pilgrims traveling through John F. Kennedy Airport in New York, NY, in February 2001.31 The prevalence of N meningitidis carriage was higher in those returning from the Hajj (2.6% of 844) than in departing pilgrims (0.9% of 425). Although none of the outbound study participants tested were carriers of serogroup W-135, nine of those tested inbound were positive for the serogroup (1.3%; p = 0.01).31 buy Pexidartinib After the 2001 Hajj, a 15% serogroup W-135 carriage rate also was observed in 171 pilgrims returning to Singapore, with evidence of spread to household contacts.35

In comparison, data from 2001 indicate that the risk of the international spread of meningococcal disease is much lower for Umrah pilgrimage, which is shorter, occurs all year, and involves much smaller groups of travelers.29 Fortunately, as a consequence of enforced implementation of the meningococcal vaccine requirements issued by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia health authorities, no exportation of meningococcal disease by Hajj pilgrims has been reported since 2004. There is, however, some concern about serogroup B meningococcal disease for the future.36 Approximately every 6 weeks, the CDC investigates an incident

of possible transmission of meningococcal disease on an aircraft.37,38 Many Methocarbamol other national institutions have similar queries, and passengers have been diagnosed with meningococcal disease after arrival, such as a journalist with serogroup W-135 in Singapore and an Israeli student in the United States.9,29 On the other hand, to our knowledge, only two reports of in-flight transmission have been published. The first occurred on a 14.5-hour flight from Los Angeles to Sydney. Two individuals who had been sitting 12 rows apart were diagnosed with serogroup B meningococcal disease of the same allelic profile. Both patients were women aged >65 years, and both recovered after treatment with antibiotics. One patient reported walking around the plane with some frequency, whereas the other, seated in an aisle seat, only got up a few times to use the rest room.