41 In our settings, PECAM-1 expression was

depressed in livers post-IRI and it was restored to normal levels sooner in the Tnc−/− livers. The intact expression of PECAM-1 along the sinusoids has been associated with less sinusoidal congestion/inflammation,30 suggesting that preventing PECAM down-regulation may be valuable in the treatment of early stages of liver damage.42 These observations support the view that hepatic regeneration/repair post-IRI is enhanced in the absence of Tnc. Moreover, they are consistent with the reduction of liver necrosis observed earlier in the Tnc−/−-deficient mice post-IRI. Therefore, our results agree with previous VX-809 manufacturer findings that Tnc mediates a persistent inflammation,6 which possibly interferes with liver regeneration and contributes to the perpetuation and aggravation of necrosis post-IRI. Leukocyte infiltration is a hallmark feature in hepatic IRI. Indeed, neutrophils, critical mediators in acute inflammatory liver injury,43 were significantly decreased in Tnc−/− livers post-IRI. Macrophages were also depressed in the Tnc−/− livers post-IRI. Tnc is a ligand for several integrin receptors ABT-888 in vivo present on leukocytes, and it has been linked to diverse effects on cell migration that result from differences in cell type and in vitro assays.13 CXCL2, a cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant,46 was rather down-regulated in the

Tnc−/− livers post-IRI, suggesting its participation in neutrophil recruitment in this model. Notably, VCAM-1 expression, which we and others have detected on the portal track vessels of inflamed liver,16,

47 was significantly depressed in the Tnc−/− livers postreperfusion. One of the most striking effects observed in the Tnc−/− livers was a marked decrease in MMP-9 expression/activation. Leukocyte transmigration, across endothelial the and ECM barriers, results from a complex series of adhesive and focal matrix degradation events. Although adhesion molecules are essential to promote leukocyte attachment to the vascular endothelium, MMPs are important for facilitating leukocyte transmigration across vascular barriers. We previously demonstrated that MMP-9 is predominantly expressed by leukocytes in damaged livers16 and mediates leukocyte transmigration in liver IRI.16, 31 Our results showing that MMP-9 is up-regulated by Tnc in leukocytes are in agreement with other reports that demonstrated the induction of MMP-9 by Tnc in RAW264.7-macrophages,48 fibroblasts,49 and cancer cells.50 Furthermore, our data also suggest that TLR4 signaling mediates Tnc-induced up-regulation of MMP-9 activity in neutrophils. In this regard, studies using mice that lack TLR4 have shown that TLR4 mediates inflammation in hepatic IRI32 and that MMP-9 expression is reduced in TLR4-deficient mice after experimental stroke.