5. It is important to note that the adjustment of pH did not APR-246 clinical trial affect the intense green coloration under low phosphate conditions suggesting that phosphate limitation is still a major factor for green pigment production (Figure 2C). Furthermore,

enhanced pyoverdin production under conditions of phosphate limitation was not affected if pH is stabilized using 25 mM HEPES, pH7.5 or 25 mM MOPS, pH 6.0 (Figure 2D). A pH of 7.5 at high phosphate concentration (25 mM) induces the expression of iron starvation (IS) and ferrous uptake regulated (FUR) genes but not MvfR-PQS and results in expression of siderophore-mediated virulence in P. aeruginosa We next performed a genome wide transcriptome analysis of PAO1 grown as lawns on NGM at pH 7.5 versus pH 6.0 (deposited in GEO database, accession number GSE29789) to more completely understand the virulence profile associated with P. aeruginosa lethality in the C. elegans model. Results demonstrated that a pH shift from 6.0 to 7.5 under conditions of phosphate abundance (25 mM) led buy HKI-272 to increased expression of all iron-dependent genes in P. aeruginosa PAO1 (Table 1). A significant (1.5-10.9 fold) increase in the expression of FUR regulated genes was observed suggesting

that P. aeruginosa experiences intracellular iron insufficiency, perhaps owing to a relative decrease in iron solubility at a more alkaline pH. Among FUR regulated genes of interest was pvdS (PA2426) which encodes the sigma factor PvdS, a transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of the IS regulon including genes involved in the RAS p21 protein activator 1 non-ribosomal biosynthesis of the siderophore pyoverdin, and the lethal toxin exotoxin A (toxA). Data demonstrated that pvdS itself as well as components of the PvdS-regulated iron siderophore sensor and receptor systems PA1911-1912, PA4895-4896, PA2467-2468, PA0471-0472, and toxA were overexpressed at pH7.5 compared to pH6.0. We initially assumed that the PstS-PhoB signaling/acquisition, which is normally Peptide 17 cost activated under low phosphate conditions, might be paradoxically activated under high phosphate conditions at pH 7.5 if

P. aeruginosa experienced relative phosphate limitation as a result of shift to a less soluble dibasic form. Lack of increased expression of PstS-PhoB in the analysis suggested however that both H2PO4 – and HPO4 2- are able to bind PstS and suppress the PHO regulon. The expression of quorum sensing genes including MvfR-PQS QS system was not increased at pH7.5 consistent with our previously published data demonstrating a regulatory role of phosphate on the MvfR-PQS signaling pathway beyond quorum sensing [9]. Table 1 P. aeruginosa genes with enhanced expression at pH 7.5 vs pH 6.0 PA ID Gene name Fold expression pH7.5 vs pH6.0 Regulon Function Subsystem PA1134   2.58 IS probable membrane protein   PA1148 toxA 2.33 IS exotoxin A precursor   PA2384   4.