80 ± 0.04 mM), whereas the enzyme from M. radiotolerans had Km 1.8 ± 0.3 mM. The kcat values were 111.8 ± 0.2 and 65.8 ± 2.8 min−1 for the enzymes of M. nodulans and M. radiotolerans, respectively. Both enzymes are homotetramers with a molecular mass of 144 kDa, as was demonstrated by size exclusion chromatography and native

PAGE. The purified enzymes displayed the maximum activity at 45–50 °C and pH 8.0. Thus, the priority data have been obtained, extending the knowledge of biochemical Ibrutinib concentration properties of bacterial ACC deaminases. “
“Bacteria withstand starvation during long-term stationary phase through the acquisition of mutations that increase bacterial fitness. The evolution of the growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype results in the ability of bacteria from an aged culture to outcompete bacteria from a younger culture when the two are mixed together. The GASP phenotype was first described for Escherichia coli, but has not been examined for an environmental bacterial pathogen, which must balance long-term survival strategies that promote fitness in the outside environment with those that promote fitness within

the host. Listeria monocytogenes is an environmental bacterium that lives as a saprophyte in soil, but is capable of replicating within the cytosol of mammalian cells. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of L. monocytogenes to express GASP via the acquisition of mutations during long-term stationary growth.

Listeria monocytogenes GASP occurred through mechanisms that were both dependent STK38 and independent of the stress-responsive alternative Alpelisib cell line sigma factor SigB. Constitutive activation of the central virulence transcriptional regulator PrfA interfered with the development of GASP; however, L. monocytogenes GASP cultures retained full virulence in mice. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes can accrue mutations that optimize fitness during long-term stationary growth without negatively impacting virulence. Bacteria exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt to disparate conditions that would otherwise limit growth. A simple yet compelling example of bacterial adaptation can be observed during the distinct phases of growth in liquid culture. The lag, logarithmic, and stationary phases of bacterial growth have been well described (Perry & Staley, 1997); however, the phases of growth following stationary phase have only recently been investigated in detail. Following entry into stationary phase, a death phase occurs during which a >90% loss of bacterial viability is observed (Perry & Staley, 1997). The amount of viable bacteria then levels off and remains relatively constant. This second stable stationary phase is known as the long-term stationary phase (Steinhaus & Birkeland, 1939; Finkel et al., 2000). The timing of bacterial growth phases varies depending on the growth medium and on the bacterial species being studied.