The function of LAM in cell envelope integrity is unknown, but evidence suggests that it has profound effects on the host., for example, it stimulates macrophages to produce TNFα [9], nitric oxide [10], and matrix metalloproteinases [11]. LAM may therefore play a major role in the stimulation of an inappropriate host immune response, leading to the pathology that is characteristic of TB. LAM also induces transcriptional activation of HIV-1 [12, 13] and may play a role in the synergy seen between HIV and TB. In addition to these effects,

LAM is a major antigen [14, 15]. While some PIMs are probable precursors of LAM, they may also have important functions of their own. PI dimannoside (PIM2), for example, has been implicated as a receptor for https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mm-102.html interacting with mammalian cells [16], as a secreted activator of Toll-like receptor 2 in macrophages leading to TNFα induction [17], and as an inducer of granuloma formation [18]. Inositol is also a constituent of the major mycobacterial thiol, ARS-1620 supplier mycothiol (1-D-myo-inosityl-2- [N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl] amido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) [19, 20], which helps

maintain the redox state of the cell and detoxifies harmful molecules. A mutant of M. smegmatis that essentially fails to produce mycothiol is viable, but grows poorly, and is sensitive to H2O2 [20] However, in M. tuberculosis the mshA and mshC genes, required for mycothiol biosynthesis, are essential genes [21, 22]. Mycothiol may be more important in pathogenic mycobacteria as during infection they would be exposed to reactive Epigenetics inhibitor oxygen intermediates within the macrophage. The biosynthesis of inositol normally occurs in two steps. In the first, glucose-6-phospate is converted to inositol-1-phosphate (I-1-P) by inositol phosphate synthase (Ino1). We have shown previously that an Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase ino1 (Rv0046c) mutant of M. tuberculosis is an inositol auxotroph, and is severely attenuated in vivo [23]. In the second step, the I-1-P

is dephosphorylated by an inositol monophosphate phosphatase (IMPase) to form inositol. Previously, we identified the M. smegmatis impA gene, which is predicted to encode an IMPase, and showed that inactivation of this gene resulted in an altered colony morphology, reduced levels of PI dimannoside (PIM2), and altered permeability of the cell wall. This data suggests that impA is partly responsible for inositol synthesis in this species, presumably compensated by the presence of other imp genes [24]. In this paper, we describe the genetic analysis of four IMPase homologues of M. tuberculosis. We demonstrate that three, impA, suhB and cysQ are dispensible, while impC is essential, even in the presence of exogenous inositol. Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids and media Bacterial strains and plasmids used are shown in Table 1. M.