After inoculation, the selleck chemical inoculated birds were immediately returned to the respective groups and allowed to comingle with non-inoculated

birds. Cloacal swabs were collected from each bird at 3, 6, and 9 DAI for determining the positivity (with Campylobacter) of the birds. Additionally, the birds were necropsied at 9 and 12 DAI (n = 6 or 7 for each time point) and the cecal contents were collected for measuring the level of colonization. It should be pointed out that in terms of time frame the DAI were the same as days after initiation of comingling as the co-mingling occurred immediately after inoculation of the seeder birds. Cloacal swabs were streaked on the selective agar media to determine Campylobacter presence/absence. Cecal contents were serially diluted and tested to quantify Campylobacter colonies as described above. The R406 in vitro detection limit of the culture method used see more for the chicken experiments was 100 CFU/g of feces. Cecal contents contained less than 100 CFU/g Campylobacter colonies were considered negative and assigned a value of 0 for the purpose of statistical analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the colonization levels between groups at each sampling time point were determined using Student’s t test, Welch's t test to allow for non-constant variation across treatment groups, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to allow for non-normality [11]. All animals used in this study were handled in strict accordance

with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The animal use protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Iowa State University (A3236-01). All efforts were made to minimize suffering of animals. Acknowledgments We thank the Pathogen Functional Genomics Resource Center at the J. Craig Venter Institute for generously providing the microarray slides used in this study. Strain JL272 used in this study was kindly supplied by Dr. Jun learn more Lin from the University of Tennessee. This work was supported by funds from National Institute of Health (Grant no: RO1DK063008). Electronic supplementary

material Additional file 1: Table S1.: Up-regulated genes in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 in response to treatment with an inhibitory dose of Ery. Table S2: Down-regulated genes in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 in response to treatment with an inhibitory dose of Ery. Table S3: Up-regulated genes in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 in response to treatment with a sub-inhibitory dose of Ery. Table S4: Down-regulated genes in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 in response to treatment with a sub-inhibitory dose of Ery. (XLSX 39 KB) References 1. Jorgensen F, Ellis-Iversen J, Rushton S, Bull SA, Harris SA, Bryan SJ, Gonzalez A, Humphrey TJ: Influence of season and geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli subtypes in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011,77(11):3741–3748.