After watertight abdomen closure, a closed click here circuit was established by an electric pump (Abbott-Gemstar, Crestline Medical, Pleasant Grove, UT, USA) at a flow rate of 15 ml/min. Total volume of the circuit was 500 ml of saline solution which was pre-heated to 37°C. Starting time was defined as the moment the temperature reached 41.5°C and 30 mg/l cisplatin was added. The temperature was kept constant at 42°C for 1 hour in the peritoneal

cavity by immersing an intermediate reservoir and about 1 meter of the circuit tubing in a thermostat-regulated bath at an average temperature of 48°C. The third grouphad a 2 hours treatment with 30 mg/l of cisplatin and 2 mg/l of intraperitoneal adrenaline: after 1 hour the abdomen was open to empty the peritoneal cavity and a second identical bath was then performed for 1 additional hour. A previous experiment showed that 1 hour of selleck products treatment with 2 mg/ml adrenaline at 37°C did not increase the platinum content in peritoneal nodules and, thus, such a group was not planned in this study

(unpublished data). The fourth groupunderwent the same treatment as the third group, but without adrenaline. All animals from the 4 groups were kept anesthetized, lying on the back, for the entire duration of the treatment, using repeated IM ketamine and xylazine injections as necessary. At the end of treatment, the rats were sacrificed; the abdominal cavity was opened and abundantly

washed with water. Epiploic tumor nodules (200 mg), the left diaphragm, a piece of the muscle lining the abdominal cavity measuring 5 × 5 × 1 mm thick, parietal thoracic muscle (200 mg) Dichloromethane dehalogenase in order to reflect the extra-abdominal tissues, half of the left kidney, and about 200 mg of the anterior edge of the liver were sampled and kept at -80°C until the platinum assay. The comparison of groups 1 and 2 should assess the effect of hyperthermia; that of groups 3 and 4 should assess the effect of adrenaline; and that of groups 1 and 4 should assess the effect of the duration of IPC. A 2-hour HIPEC was impossible due to intolerance of the animals. Atomic absorption spectrometry The total concentration of platinum was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Cultured cells were washed twice after cisplatin incubation, then trypsinised and counted. Cell pellets were frozen at – 80°C until AAS assay. After weighing, the frozen rat tissues were digested in a microwave digester (Selleckchem LY2603618 MLS-1200 Mega, Milestone, Sorisole, Italy). Platinum concentration was measured after dilution in distilled water, using a Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer (Spectra-A; Varian, Les Ulis, France). Platinum is 65.01% of the molecular mass of cisplatin; to convert platinum concentrations into cisplatin concentrations, the first must be multiplied by 1.54.