All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a major cause of cancer related death, despite advances in surgical and medical care [1]. The majority of patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease and die within 6–12 months. Even in the selected group of prognostic favourable localized and resectable PDAC, the 5-year overall survival (OS) is only 10-25% as the majority of patients find more develop disease relapse within two years after potentially curative treatment [2]. Additionally, the effect of systemic chemotherapy, either in adjuvant or in palliative
setting, is low [3]. Although some parameters are described to be prognostic factors after curative surgery, such as lymph node and resection margin status, none has been consistently related to overall survival [4, 5]. Moreover, even in patients
with similar clinicopathological parameters, a wide range of survival rates is observed postoperatively [2]. This heterogeneous biology of pancreatic cancer and possibly related diverse response to treatment might be explained by differences in gene expression profiles. At present, molecular characteristics of PDAC carcinogenesis become gradually unravelled, but genes or pathways that specifically drive tumour progression or metastasis are not well understood [6, 7]. Some studies Small molecule library cell line have already linked gene expression profiles with lymph node status or advanced PDAC stage, but results are inconsistent [8–10]. Recently, a gene signature that subdivides PDAC in 3 subtypes was developed based on gene expression from microdissected PDAC material and cell lines. This signature would have a prognostic value and would be predictive for drug responses [11]. Microdissected material and cell lines however do not comprise the complexity of pancreatic cancer. PDAC is characterized
by an abundant desmoplastic reaction that has long been ignored, but is now known to play an Selleckchem Sapanisertib important role in PDAC tumorigenesis and progression [12, 13]. Therefore, GNA12 the aim of the present study was to define molecular characteristics related to pancreatic cancer progression, based on whole genome expression profiling of 2 human PDAC subgroups with similar clinicopathological features, but with extremely distinct survival rates after curative surgery. Additionally, we tried to gain more insight in the metastatic process of PDAC by comparing gene expression profiles of liver- and peritoneal metastases with that of primary tumour samples. Methods Primary PDAC and metastatic samples Patients who underwent surgical treatment for PDAC between 1998 and 2008 were studied.