As a consequence, there is ongoing debate about what constitutes a dendritic cell (DC) and what constitutes a macrophage, particularly in nonlymphoid organs.4-6 From these debates increasing consensus has evolved about functional definitions of these two cell types (Table 1).3, 6 Equally, there is little agreement about simple defining molecular markers that have been used historically to discriminate DCs from macrophages.4-6 In liver, defining markers for DCs

and macrophages show substantial areas of overlap check details (Table 2). For example, it is now widely accepted that CD11b and F4/80 (classical macrophage markers) do not always define macrophages, and CD11c and MHC II (classical DC markers) do not always define DCs. There is also great debate about whether there are true lineages of distinct bone marrow (BM) precursors learn more that give rise to functionally distinct myeloid cell subpopulations in the peripheral organs, as opposed to lineages that give rise to cells with tremendous plasticity (and therefore overlapping functions). As conventionally understood,

macrophages are myeloid cells and are critical effectors and regulators of inflammation and the innate immune response, whereas DCs are myeloid or plasmacytoid cells that initiate and regulate the highly pathogen-specific immune response and are central to immunological memory and to tolerance (Table 1).3 What is emerging is that our terminologies, steeped in tradition and history, are now inadequate to define the many functions and

subpopulations of the myeloid leukocyte system as we currently see it. Despite the current difficulties with definition, however, it has become clear that among the resident myeloid cells (formerly known as the reticuloendothelial system), which are present in every organ, including the liver, there is an admixture of cells that perform DC functions and cells that perform macrophage functions. In 2005 a significant advance was made in understanding the role of myeloid cells in both progression and resolution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated liver injury with fibrosis, a rodent model for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. mafosfamide The investigators used a novel transgenic mouse (Cd11b-DTR), expressing the Diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under the control of the CD11b promoter, to ablate CD11b+ myeloid cells simply by systemic injection of a drug (DT).7 The DT injection ablated monocytes and inflammatory monocyte-derived CD11b+, F4/80+ cells in the injured liver, which were called macrophages by the investigators. The ablation had no effect on resident (F4/80+) Kupffer cells. The DT injection also had no effect on granulocytes, including neutrophils or natural killer (NK) cells.