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“Background Bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, must deal with a very hostile environment on a nearly continuous basis. How pathogenic bacteria first respond to this environment

and lethal environmental stressors is a key element in their survival. Based on their initial response, either the pathogen may succumb and die, or it can respond and live despite its hostile surroundings. Long-term adaptive bacterial responses to antimicrobials include well-characterized mechanisms of expressing an altered version of the antibiotic target, enzymes to degrade the antibiotic, and transporters to remove the antibiotic [1]. Here, we consider the time immediately after the first exposure to a threat and before activation of long-term adaptive resistance to stressors. Understanding how bacteria mount this initial defense against stresses is critical to understanding how bacteria respond to, and survive, hostile environments.