Conclusion: Increasing AED effective range DNA Damage inhibitor can improve cardiac arrest coverage. Mathematical models can help evaluate the potential impact of initiatives which increase AED range. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mechanism-based safety evaluation and reduction of animal use are important issues in recent developmental toxicology. In vitro developmental toxicity tests with proteomic analysis
are the most promising solution to these issues. Groebe et al. systematically applied proteomic analysis to the embryonic stem cell test, a validated in vitro developmental toxicity test, and found protein-expression changes induced by model test chemicals selected from various categories of toxicity. Cluster analysis of all the proteins with expression changes classified the test chemicals into two groups: highly embryotoxic chemicals and non- or weakly embryotoxic
chemicals. In addition, some protein biomarker candidates U0126 that were known to be involved in normal development were identified. Although further mechanistic investigations are needed, the use of in vitro developmental toxicity tests with proteomic analysis will contribute to mechanism-based safety evaluation with minimal use of animals.”
“Purpose: A new method was devised to suppress the bubble cavitation in the lithotripter focal zone to reduce the propensity of shockwave-induced renal injury.
Materials and find more Methods: An edge extender was designed and fabricated to fit on the outside of the ellipsoidal reflector of an electrohydraulic lithotripter to disturb the generation of diffraction wave at the aperture, but with little effect on the acoustic field inside the reflector.
Results: Although the peak negative pressures at the lithotripter focus using the edge extender at 20 kV were similar to that of
the original configuration (-11.1 +/- 0.9 vs -10.6 +/- 0.7 MPa), the duration of the tensile wave was shortened significantly (3.2 +/- 0.54 vs 5.83 +/- 0.56 mu s, P < 0.01). There is no difference, however, in both the amplitude and duration of the compressive shockwaves between these two configurations as well as the -6 dB beam width in the focal plane. The significant suppression effect of bubble cavitation was confirmed by the measured bubble collapse time using passive cavitation detection. At the lithotripter focus, while only about 30 shocks were needed to rupture a blood vessel phantom using the original HM-3 reflector at 20 kV, no damage could be produced after 300 shocks using the edge extender. Meanwhile, the original HM-3 lithotripter at 20 kV can achieve a stone comminution efficiency of 50.4 +/- 2.0% on plaster-of-Paris stone phantom after 200 shocks, which is comparable to that of using the edge extender (46.8 +/- 4.1%, P = 0.005).