etely sequenced plant genomes and samples from other species, totalling especially 33 angiosperms and one gymnosperm. All F35Hs split from F3Hs. All grapevine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries F35Hs are highly conserved within the F35H group. All of those located in the gene array on chr6 tightly group into a single major cluster. The more divergent F35Ho, which resides at the distal side of the array on chr6, and the orphan F35Hp on chr8 lie in deep node branches. Subclades were identified within the major cluster based on maximum parsimony analysis of the coding sequences. Timing of divergence among duplicate F35Hs was estimated by four fold synonymous third codon transversion values. The earliest duplication that gave rise to F35Hp and the founder of all other F35Hs on chr6 occurred synchro nously with the event of g hexaploidisation.

In the chr6 array, F35Ho has extensively diverged from the progenitor of adjacent F35Hs, with 4DTV between gene Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries pairs at 0. 178 0. 034. Most of the recurrent duplications in the array have occurred much more recently, generating two groups of copies that diverged at 4DTV 0. 046 containing highly similar copies within each group. F35Hk likely arose by illegitimate recombination between two paralogues that diverged at 4DTV 0. 046, as reflected by its intermediate 4DTV value and by the asym metric distribution of 4DTV sites along F35Hk, when compared with members of either group. The two copies of grapevine F3H grouped tightly. F3Hs are consistently present in one or a few copies across fully sequenced plant species.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Evolution of the F35H locus on chromosome 6 The pattern and mode of gene duplication were char acterised through several approaches, dot plot self comparison of the entire locus, conservation of non coding sequences, TE patterns, and sequence divergence between long terminal repeats of retrotransposons in duplicate blocks, level of iden tity between 10 kb windows around each F35H, intron Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries divergence between the most recent duplicated F35Hs, and conservation of duplicate F35Hs across the family Vitaceae. A dot plot self comparison of the locus identified 9 blocks of DNA ranging in size from 35 to 55 kb, each containing one or two copies of F35H at the forefront of the block. The remaining F35H copies in this locus are located downstream of the segmental duplications. Duplicated blocks do not contain genes other than F35Hs and are largely composed of repetitive DNA.

Blocks AV-951 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 share 90 the site 99% nucleotide identity, and each contain a CACTA and a Gypsy TE. The ubiquitous presence of this Gypsy element across these blocks and the nucleotide substitution rate of 0. 092 0. 023 between its LTRs date the Gypsy insertion to the ances tral single copy sequence, recently in the evolutionary history of Vitaceae. The present day block 6 is more that initiated segmental duplications than blocks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8, as evidenced by the wide conservation of block 6 sequences among all of the other blocks, and by the fact that all of the other block