Further studies are needed on the subclassification of AD related senile dementias according to type of vascular involvement. However, the combined evidence demonstrates that the large majority of clinically diagnosed AD cases display significant vascular involvement. In sum, the major forms of both AD and ATH are associated sellckchem with vascular wall thickening and blood vessel occlusion. The predominant Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries localizations differ, the pathways leading to disease may also differ. In ATH, vascular deposits impair heart function and are at sig nificant risk of entering the circulation, leading to stroke. In AD, brain hypoperfusion has been causally associ ated with disease. We surmise that thickening of the cerebrovasculature leads to impaired O2 and nutri ent delivery to the brain, predisposing to neuronal loss.

These pathways are not necessarily independ ent, ATH alone might compromise cerebral O2 nutrient supply and, conversely, AD like processes in crucial Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries brain regions could deregulate the cardiovascular system. Overall, the evidence suggests that AD and ATH rep resent a spectrum of related conditions, with vascular involvement as a common predisposing factor, although the site of vascular involvement differs between the two diseases. We next dwell on the different Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries genetic risk factors and how they cast light on the relationship be tween AD and ATH. Genetic predisposition Polymorphic loci associated with both diseases If there is an overlap between AD and ATH it would be expected that risk alleles would be shared between the two diseases.

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for both dis eases, and mutations leading to hyperlipidemia are major risk factors for ATH. In AD the situation is complicated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries because individuals with hypercholester olemia generally die at a younger age, but, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for example, early signs of cognitive impairment are seven fold in creased in patients with hyperlipidemia due to low density lipoprotein receptor mutations. Polymorphisms associated with disordered lipid me tabolism showing evidence of bias in both diseases in clude a gene cluster on chromosome 2q14 21, bridging integrator 1 amphiphysin II, BIN1 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily C, polypeptide 1, CYP27C1 and excision repair cross complementing repair deficiency complementation group 3, ERCC3, over 0. 3 Mb.

Genome wide association studies of lipid meta bolic disorders have highlighted further associations with polymorphisms in the genes cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plasma, CETP, clusterin, CLU, complement component 3b 4b receptor 1, CR1, and low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR. However, interpreting the link between genes and disease is http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html difficult because GWAS studies require polymor phisms in the population, and genes lacking polymor phisms are therefore not identified, and it is difficult to dissociate direct causality from indirect association. The exception is the gene encoding apolipoprotein E, APOE.