“
“Genetic variation may influence initial sensitivity to nicotine (i.e. during early tobacco exposure), perhaps helping to

explain differential vulnerability to nicotine dependence. This study explored associations of functional candidate gene polymorphisms with initial sensitivity to nicotine in 101 young adult nonsmokers of European ancestry. Nicotine (0, 5, 10 mu g/kg) was administered through nasal spray followed by mood, nicotine reward (e.g.’liking’) and perception (e.g.’feel effects’) measures, physiological responses, sensory processing (prepulse inhibition of startle), and performance tasks. Nicotine reinforcement was assessed in a separate session using a nicotine versus placebo spray choice AR-13324 purchase procedure. For the dopamine D4 receptor [DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)], presence of the 7-repeat allele was associated with greater aversive responses to nicotine (decreases in ‘vigor’, positive affect, and rapid information processing; increased cortisol) and reduced nicotine choice. Individuals with at least one DRD4 7-repeat allele also reported increased ‘feel effects’ and greater startle response, but in men only. Other genetic associations were also observed in men but not women, such as greater ‘feel effects’ and anger, and reduced fatigue,

in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2 C957T single nucleotide polymorphism) TT versus CT or CC genotypes. Very few or no significant associations were seen for the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism, the serotonin transporter

promoter Epigenetics inhibitor VNTR or 5HTTLPR (SLC6A4), the dopamine transporter 3 ‘ VNTR (SLC6A3), and the mu opioid receptor A1 18G single nucleotide polymorphism (mu opioid receptor polymorphism 1). Although these VX-689 supplier results are preliminary, this study is the first to suggest that genetic polymorphisms related to function in the dopamine D4, and perhaps D2, receptor may modulate initial sensitivity to nicotine before the onset of dependence and may do so differentially between men and women.”
“Trophic deprivation-mediated neuronal death is important during development, after acute brain or nerve trauma, and in neurodegeneration. Serum deprivation (SD) approximates trophic deprivation in vitro, and an in vivo model is provided by neuronal death in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) after ablation of the visual cortex (VCA). Oxidant-induced intracellular Zn2+ release ([Zn2+](i)) from metallothionein-3 (MT-III), mitochondria or ‘protein Zn2+’, was implicated in trophic deprivation neurotoxicity. We have previously shown that neurotoxicity of extracellular Zn2+ required entry, increased [Zn2+](i), and reduction of NAD+ and ATP levels causing inhibition of glycolysis and cellular metabolism. Exogenous NAD+ and sirtuin inhibition attenuated Zn2+ neurotoxicity.