.. How can the brain protect itself from decline? The concept of some type of neural or cognitive pool of resources that protects against age-related cognitive decline has been an important idea in both the cognitive and neural aging literature. The basic

notion emerged from evidence that there are substantial individual differences in the rate that people evidence cognitive aging, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and there must be some mechanism that accounts for these differences. To address this issue, Baltes and Baltes11 proposed the construct of “reserve capacity,” suggesting that older adults were able to Ivacaftor chemical structure maintain cognitive function by drawing on a pool of resources that mitigated aging effects. Interestingly, the earliest neuroimaging research on older adults provided clear evidence that older adults showed increased contralateral hemispheric recruitment in right frontal regions for both working memory12 and episodic encoding,13 supporting the notion of compensation and neural reserve. This Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increased bilateral recruitment in frontal cortex that occurred across multiple cognitive tasks was interpreted to indicate that the enhanced neural activity of old adults operated to maintain cognitive function. The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC)14 provides a theoretical model for the causes and consequences of age-related compensatory neural

activity. STAC posits that cognitive function Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in older adults can be understood in terms of the magnitude of neural insults that the brain has sustained (both structural and functional) as well as the compensatory neural activities (“scaffolding”) that operate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to maintain cognitive behavior. According to this model, scaffolding is conceptualized as the recruitment of additional circuitry that shores up declining brain function that has become noisy, inefficient, or both. The pervasive finding of increased prefrontal activation in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical older adults across many different cognitive

tasks reflects the engagement of compensatory scaffolding. The scaffolding is a direct response to the neural insults of aging which include volumetric shrinkage of brain structures,15 white matter degradation,16 and amyloid deposition,17 as well as functional decline in neural activities associated with dedifferentiation of ventral visual cortex,18,19 poor modulation of default network activity,20 and declining activity only in the hippocampus.21,22 Effective compensatory activation in response to this degradation mitigates age-related decline in cognition. Importantly, STAC also provides for the possibility that cognitive training or sustained engagement in a novel task or environment, as well as exercise, can enhance the development of compensatory scaffolding, so that the ability to increase scaffolding as a result of cognitive training confers protection on cognitive function. A related view that has emerged from the imaging literature is that of cognitive reserve.