In honey bees, silencing of VTG expression by RNAi affects hon eybee workers developmental behavior. Similar to results of VTG R knockdown in other arthropods, silencing of VTG 2 expression in horn flies reduced ovi position in 4 fold when compared to controls. Ubiquitination Ubiquitination is a post translational modification car ried out by a set of enzymes that affect protein protea somal degradation, stability, function, and intracellular localization. In this functional group, horn fly genes involved in the ubiquitination pathway such as ubiqui tin 1, UBQ protein ligase, and UBQ hydrolase were included. In this group, only the UBQ protein ligase expression was significantly silenced after RNAi. Although UBQ protein ligase has been shown to regu late apoptosis in Drosophila, knockdown of this gene did not affect horn fly mortality or oviposition.

Thus, it may be possible that the phenotype resulting from silencing the UBQ protein ligase expression was not evident in horn flies under our experimental condi tions. Additionally, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries knockdown of other ubiquitination Ferritin FER is the main protein for intracellular iron storage and consists of 2 types of subunits, a heavy and a light chain. FER light and heavy chains were not among the most abundant ESTs identified in female horn flies. However, Guerrero et al. found FER light chain as one of the most abundant transcripts in horn fly larvae. These results suggested differences in the FER expression between horn fly larvae and adult females. FER light chain knockdown in horn flies significantly reduced ovi position, but surpris ingly fly mortality was reduced when compared to controls.

In ticks, FER RNAi reduces not only oviposi tion but also feeding and A. marginale infection levels in IDE8 cells. vATPase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries vATPase is a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidifi cation of eukaryotic intracellular AV-951 organelles and has been shown to be required for the normal function of the Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles and endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles. vATPase was also implicated in immunity. Guerrero et al. identified vATPase as one of the most abundant tran scripts in horn fly larvae. However, in adult females, only 3 ATPase unigenes were assembled with one EST each, those suggesting like previously for FER, differ ences in the vATPase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries expression between horn fly larvae and adult females.

Genetic knockout of vATPase subu nits resulted in lethal phenotypes in fruit flies, flour beetles, pea aphids, and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries tobacco hornworms and reduced influenza virus replication in Drosophila cells. RNAi of vATPase expression in ticks resulted in testis and salivary gland degeneration, suggesting a role for this molecule in the function of these organs and reduced A. marginale infection in Dermacentor variabilis tick guts but not pathogen multiplication in IDE8 tick cells.