Most children displayed behavioral and biological patterns that were characteristic of randomly selected children from middle-class, Caucasian populations. Thus, the prediction that a high-reactive infant will not be highly sociable and exuberant, and show low biological arousal at age 11 can be made with much greater confidence than the prediction that this category of child will be extremely subdued and anxious, and show signs of high arousal in cortical and autonomic targets. The suggestion Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that a temperamental bias constrains development more effectively than it determines particular

outcomes applies to environmental conditions as well. If all one knows about a group of 1 00 children is that, they were born to economically secure, well-educated, nurturing parents and must predict the likely psychological adult, outcomes, the most accurate guesses will refer to the profiles that should not occur: criminality, school failure, psychosis, homelessness,

drug addiction, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and poverty. Predictions concerning the more specific features that, will be part of the adult personality are less likely to be validated. Each Sirtuin activation temperament eliminates many more possibilities than it determines. This principle holds for the cells of the young Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical embryo. The final fate of a neural crest cell in a 3-weekold embryo, whether sensory ganglion, melanocyte, or a muscle of the heart, is less certain than the fact that this cell will definitely not become connective tissue or part of the reproductive system. Conclusion The evidence affirms the view that a temperamental bias for high reactivity in infancy, detectable early in development, is predictive of a personality profile marked by shyness, timidity, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical anxiety

to unfamiliar events and this behavioral phenotype is accompanied by a select biological pattern that implies amygdalar excitability. The question of greater relevance for clinicians is whether this category of child is at higher risk for any of the current psychiatric anxiety disorders. Preliminary evidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical invites an affirmative reply. An independent group of 1 3-year-olds, who had been classified as inhibited or uninhibited in the second year, were interviewed by a psychiatrist who had no knowledge of their initial temperamental classification or later laboratory behavior. More of the adolescents who had been inhibited rather than only uninhibited in the second year had symptoms of social anxiety (61% versus 27%).20) However, these inhibited children were not more likely to have developed specific target phobias or separation anxiety, implying that, inhibited children might be at special risk for the development of social phobia during the adolescent or adult years. The feared target of the social phobic is concern over the evaluations made by unfamiliar people in unfamiliar situations. By contrast, the feared target of the phobic patient is a very specific object that can harm or contaminate the agent.