Of these, 86.2% matched clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) in the database with e-values <1×10 –5 (Figure 4). Figure 4 Genome sequence of S. lutetiensis strain 033. Key to the circular diagram (outer to inner): (1) GI found in the chromosome. (2) S. lutetiensis strain 033 COG categories on the forward strand (+) and the reverse strand (−). (3) G + C content and GC skew (G-C/G + C) of 033, respectively, with a window

size of 10 kb. Twenty genomic islands (GIs) in the genome of S. lutetiensis 033 were identified. Of these, five were antibiotic-resistance islands and two were putative pathogenicity islands (Figure 4). Notably, GI-7 was found to contain four glycosyl transferase genes, four pilin-related genes, and >10 transposase genes or putative transposase genes that have been reported to be associated

high throughput screening compounds with virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae , Neisseriaceae, and others [15–17]. GI-18 encodes a colonization-associated adhesion factor previously described in S. suis[18]. GI-6 encodes the capsule polysaccharide (CPS) genes that are associated with the virulence of pathogenic streptococci; for example, S. pneumoniae and S. suis (Figure 5C) [19–21]. Five GIs were unique to S. lutetiensis and have not been identified Tipifarnib purchase in other species of this genus. Two were phage related, one encoded a cellobiose phosphorylase-like protein, one encoded an ATPase, and one had an unknown function. We found the hemolytic toxin cylZ in S. lutetiensis that activates the neutrophil signaling pathways in the brain endothelium and contributes

to the development of meningitis identified in S. agalactiae[22]. The gene for sortase (SrtA), also identified in the genome of S. lutetiensis, was found to be associated with adhesion to epithelial cells and with colonization of pathogenic streptococci [23–25] (Table 2). Figure 5 Genome analysis of S. lutetiensis strain 033. Comparative analysis of all completed genomes of the S. bovis group (S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus BAA-2069, S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ATCC43143, and S. gallolyticus subsp. pasterurianus ATCC43144). (A) Venn diagram of homologous genes in four complete genomes. The number of homologous genes is noted in each circle: red for BAA-2069, blue for 033, green for ATCC43143, and purple for ATCC43144. (B) Local collinear block of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) the chromosome sequences of four genomes. The red blocks represent similar regions within Alisertib nucleotide sequences, and the blue block represents a region similar to the complementary strands. GIs in our 033 genome are shown in the green block near the genome. (C) Organization of GI-6 encoding CPS. GC contents calculated using each 1 kb with a 500-bp step. The direction of the arrows represents the coding strand of the ORFs. The genes in the GIs are marked with blue (unknown functions) and yellow (known functions). Table 2 Putative virulence genes detected in the genome of S.