Proc Biol Sci 1998,265(1395):509–515.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.”
“Background In recent decades, invasive aspergillosis (IA) has emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with prolonged neutropenia. However, several reports have recently described a rising

incidence of IA in critically ill patients, even in the absence of an apparent predisposing immunodeficiency [1–6]. The incidence of IA in critically ill patients ranges from 0.3% to 5.8% [2, 3, 6], and carries an overall mortality VRT752271 chemical structure rate > 80%, with an attributable mortality of approximately 20% [4, 5]. Critically ill patients are prone to develop immunologic derangement, which renders them more vulnerable for Aspergillus

infections. The risk factors for IA include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other chronic lung diseases [1–4, 7, 8], prolonged use of steroids [2, 9], advanced liver disease [2–4, 10], chronic renal replacement therapy [11, 12], near-drowning [4, 13–15], and diabetes mellitus [2, 3, 9]. The diagnosis of such IA is difficult because signs and symptoms are non-specific. The conventional diagnostic methods, such as tissue examination and microbial cultivation, may lack sensitivity in the first stages of infection in critically ill patients. As a result, MK5108 cell line the diagnosis of IA is often established after a long delay or following autopsy. Currently, the best-characterized circulating marker used in the diagnosis of IA is galactomannan (GM), which is present in the cell walls of most Aspergillus species. The commercial Platelia Aspergillus assay (BioRad™, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) has been included in the EORTC/MSG criteria

for probable IA. However, a recent meta-analysis indicated that GM testing is more useful in patients with prolonged neutropenia (sensitivity, 72%-82%) than in non-neutropenic, critically ill patients (sensitivity, 40%-55%) [16]. Further studies suggested that the host immune status may influence GM release. It appears that GM production is proportional to the fungal load in tissues [17]. Although neutropenic patients and non-neutropenic, critically ill patients are susceptible to IA, the Ribonucleotide reductase pathology of the disease is quite different in these two groups of patients. In neutropenic patients and animal models, IA is characterized by thrombosis and hemorrhage from rapid and extensive Poziotinib research buy hyphal growth [18]. However, in non-neutropenic, critically ill patients and animal models, IA is characterized by limited angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and excessive inflammation [18, 19]. The limited angioinvasion and low fungal load result in a low level of GM released by the fungus. The use of the GM assay for the diagnosis of IA in non-neutropenic patients is very limited.