Thalidomide does not require dose control depending on renal dysfunction, but it has not been reported in large studies that thalidomide is effective on the improvement of renal function. In any case, early diagnosis and timing of initiation of treatment are important. In addition, full understanding of efficacy and safety selleck chemicals llc profiles of novel agents and using them in combination with existing drugs appropriate for individual patients are the basis of treatment strategy. Diagnosis of AL amyloidosis and renal dysfunction AL amyloidosis is a disease with poor progression

in which deposition of amyloid causes multiple organ failure. Amyloid consists of immunoglobulin light chains secreted from monoclonal proliferated plasma cells. Its relative disease MM is often complicated with AL amyloidosis. In spite of the fact that it has the

same chromosome translocation such as t (11:14) to MM, it shows different pathological condition (Fig. 10). This may be due to slight difference of translocation breakpoint between AL amyloidosis and MM. However, the C646 manufacturer disease mechanism remains unknown. Fig. 10 Correlation of pathogenesis between MM, AL amyloidosis and Mantle cell lymphoma by the up-regulated cyclin D1 function. Mantle cell lymphoma is high tumor growth with 100 % t (11:14), MM have 10–20 % t (11:14) with moderate growth and secretary Ig functions. Some strange and rear MM patients (i.e. IgM-type, IgE-type, non-secretary-type) showed translocation 11:14 over 80 %. Otherwise, AL amyloidosis showed 30–50 % t (11:14). There may be the differences of break points on the translocation foci It is classified to cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary amyloidosis depending on the main organ with amyloid deposition. The symptoms vary and the most common Levetiracetam cause of death is cardiac failure. The diagnosis is based on confirmation of amyloid deposition in the involved organs. When AL amyloidosis is suspected in patients with clinical findings such as general malaise, edema, heart failure, tubercle in margin of

tongue, and skin nodule with stigma, biopsy of organs should be first conducted to confirm deposit of amyloid (Fig. 11). Amyloid is positive with Congo red stain and has positive signal under polarized light with the polarizing filters. AL amyloidosis is definitely diagnosed by confirming monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells through identification of M protein and/or staining pattern of cell surface antigens in addition to deposition of amyloid. Low detection sensitivity of M protein even in immunofixation in AL amyloidosis has been a problem so far. However, the free light chain (FLC) assay that has listed itself in insurance coverage in 2011 in Japan, allows over 90 % detection and is reported to be effective in diagnosis. Amyloid deposits are predominantly composed of amyloid fibrils which are very stable structures with a common cross core fold.