The data were expressed as mean ± SE from three independent experiments and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001). EV71 infection activates and phosphorylates c-Fos and c-Jun The activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of proteins in the subfamilies of c-Jun, c-Fos, Maf, and activating transcription factor (ATF). It regulates gene CUDC-907 ic50 expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections [28, 29]. The results of

RT-PCR showed that EV71 infection (MOI = 5) upregulated the expressions of c-Fos and c-Jun at mRNA level. To further investigate whether EV71 infection could activate and phosphorylate c-Fos and c-Jun, total and SGC-CBP30 research buy phosphorylated c-Fos

and c-Jun were detected by Western blot. The results showed that c-Fos was rapidly phosphorylated by EV71 infection, reaching its peak at 24 h p.i. (Figure  3A) and this effect was inhibited by pretreatment with SP600125 for 1 h (Figure  3B), but delayed by pretreatment with SB203580 (Figure  3C). Similarly, c-Jun was also rapidly phosphorylated by EV71 infection, reaching its peak within 2 h p.i. (Figure  3D). And this effect was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with SP600125 and SB203580 (Figure  3E and F). The data demonstrate that EV71 infection triggers JNK1/2 or p38 MAPK-mediated activation of c-Fos and c-Jun. Figure 3 Phosphorylation of c-Fos and c-Jun in EV71-infected iDCs. (A and D) Cilengitide supplier The western blot results of cell lysates collected at indicated times of iDCs infected with EV71 (MOI = 5) for 24 h using antibodies against total and phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun. (B and E) The western blot results of cell lysates collected at indicated times

of iDCs pretreated with SP600125 (20 μM) for 1 h and infected with EV71 (MOI = 5) for 24 h using antibodies against total and phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun. (C and F) The western blot results of cell lysates collected at indicated times of iDCs pretreated with SB203580 (20 μM) for 1 h and infected with EV71 (MOI = 5) for 24 h using antibodies against total and phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun. The ROCK inhibitor intensities of phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun were quantitated and normalized as described. The data were expressed as mean ± SE from three independent experiments and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Secretions of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α,IFN-α and IFN-β iDCs can secrete several cytokines once they are activated by viral infection. To examine the role of JNK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways in cytokine secretion in iDC, the culture supernatants of control iDCs, EV71-infected iDCs and iDCs pretreated with inhibitor SP600125 or SB203580 (20 μM) prior to EV71 infection were collected at 24 h p.i. and used to detect the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-β using luminex fluorescent technique.