The lateral cell walls of such trichomes are about twice the thickness of their transverse walls, and they contain rigidifying peptidoglycans that are absent from partial septations and transverse walls except at the cell periphery (Pankratz

and Bowen 1963; Frank et al. 1971; Halfen and Castenholz 1971; Drews 1973). Owing to these differences, lateral cell walls tend to be relatively well preserved in fossil Akt inhibitor specimens whereas the thinner transverse walls, like their precursor partial septations, are typically preserved only in part. Despite these differences, use of CLSM to analyze fossil specimens shows the presence of such partial sepatations (Fig. 4k though n), with 3-D Raman imagery (Fig. 4o–q) confirming their carbonaceous composition. Not only do such data establish the oscillatoriacean affinities of these cellular trichomes, showing that they are morphologically essentially ACP-196 mouse identical to living members of the family, but they indicate also that their cell division occurred by the same genetically determined processes as their modern counterparts. Data such as these show that the fossil record of the Oscillatoriaceae extends deep into geological time and that such cyanobacteria have changed little or not at all over thousands of millions of years (Schopf 1994a, 1999, 2009). Coccoidal cyanobacteria

Although almost always of lesser abundance than filamentous microorganisms in Precambrian communities, coccoidal cyanobacteria, such as the entophysalidacean colonies shown in Fig. 4r from cherts of the ~2,100-Ma-old Kasegalik Formation of Canada, can be important mat-forming components. Entophysalidaceans (Fig. 5a and b), however, are generally less common than chroococcacean cyanobacteria (Fig. 5c and d),

a great number of genera and species of which have been described from Precambrian deposits Palbociclib manufacturer (Mendelson and Schopf 1992). Similarly, pleurocapsaceans, such as those shown in Fig. 4e and f, are common in many chert-permineralized Precambrian stromatolitic units. Fig. 5 Modern and fossil entophysalidacean, chroococcacean, and pleurocapsacean coccoidal and ellipsoidal cyanobacteria; all fossils are shown in petrographic thin sections of stromatolitic chert. a Modern Entophysalis sp. (Entophysalidaceae) for comparison with b Eoentophysalis belcherenisis from the ~2,100-Ma-old Kasegalik Formation of the Belcher Islands, Canada. c Modern Gloeocapsa sp. (Chroococcaceae) for comparison with d Gloeodiniopsis uralicus from the ~1,500-Ma-old Satka Formation of Baskiria, Russia. e Modern Pleurocapsa sp. (PCC 7327, Pleurocapsaceae) for comparison with f Paleopleurocapsa reniforma from the ~775-Ma-old Chichkan Formation of southern Kazakhstan Archean microbes As shown above, the fossil record of cyanobacteria—and, thus, of oxygenic photosynthesis—is well documented to ≥2,100 Ma ago.