There is, however, a more likely and interesting possibility. GW182 overexpression may preferentially
affect circadian neurons that lengthen their period when stimulated by PDF because GW182 is limiting only in these neurons. Interestingly, neurons that lengthen their period length in response to PDF overlap with those that can drive circadian behavior under LL conditions: the CRY-positive LNds and the DN1s ( Murad et al., 2007; Picot et al., 2007; Stoleru et al., 2007; Yoshii et al., selleck kinase inhibitor 2009b). The disruption of LL behavior when GW182 is overexpressed ( Figure 6C) thus fits nicely with the notion that these neurons are particularly sensitive to GW182 and PDFR signaling. Strikingly, these neurons also express high PDFR levels ( Im and Taghert, 2010). By which mechanisms does GW182 regulate PDFR and cAMP signaling? GW182 interacts with AGO1 and is essential for miRNA-mediated translation. We actually identified GW182 as a regulator of circadian behavior in a miniscreen in which we downregulated
miRNA-related genes, but BI 6727 mouse most dsRNAs targeting these genes had little effects on circadian behavior. Only subtle period changes were observed. This, however, might be simply explained by insufficient downregulation of the enzymes responsible for miRNA synthesis, as proposed in a previous study in which DCR1 knockdown had very little effect on circadian behavior (Kadener et al., 2009). Surprisingly, one of the Dcr-1 lines we tested was arrhythmic, but unlike what was observed with GW182 downregulation, LD behavior was only very mildly affected ( Figure S1), with possibly a slightly advanced evening peak. This Levetiracetam could be indicative of a mild Pdf0-like phenotype, but we have to take these results very cautiously. First, they were observed with one dsRNA line only; therefore, there is the possibility of off-target effects. Second, it would actually be surprising that DD rhythms would be so profoundly disrupted while LD behavior is almost unaffected.
Indeed, in our rescues with GWAA mutants or with tethered PDF, DD behavior was partially restored but LD behavior was not. With AGO1 downregulation, we could not get any informative results. One of the RNAi line showed no phenotypes while the other one was semilethal, with a few unhealthy survivors. However, we found AGO1 levels to be limiting when GW182 is overexpressed ( Figure S3). Moreover, the GW182 amino acid residues necessary for AGO1 binding (the N terminus GW motifs) are essential to GW182′s circadian function. We therefore conclude that GW182′s role in the control of circadian behavior is dependent on AGO1 and, thus, miRNA silencing. Our identification of the 3′-UTR of dnc as a target of GW182 fits perfectly with this notion.