Therefore, the Korean men’s mean BMD in this study Bucladesine datasheet is thought to be similar to the national value. Thirdly, the

manufacturer of the DXA scanner for Korean men was different than that for other race/ethnic groups. Lunar scanners are likely to overestimate the nominal BMD, while Hologic scanners underestimate it [39, 40]. To remove this bias, we used sBMD [23] in the cross-calibration procedure, which is specific for scanner manufacturer. Cross-calibration for Korean scanner was done by the quality assurance group who had also calibrated the MrOS scanners and the Hong Kong and Tobago scanners. Correction factors were systematically applied to each scanner. In spite of this procedure, femoral neck BMD results in Korean men compared to other race/ethnic groups were not consistent to those at other bone sites. Lastly, we could not adjust for sun exposure factors such as latitude, urban/rural area, and outdoor activity, but we hope to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for all ethnic groups in a future study. Conclusion Our findings show substantial race/ethnic differences in BMD even within men of African or Asian origin and illustrate the important role of body size on the difference between Asian men and others. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded

by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund; KRF-2008-013-E00011). The Osteoporotic Duvelisib solubility dmso Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support:

the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AR45580, U01 AR45614, U01 AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01 AR45654, U01 AR45583, U01 AG18197, U01-AG027810, and UL1 RR024140. The Tobago Bone Health OSBPL9 Study was supported by NIAMS grant R01-AR049747 and National Cancer Institute grant R01-CA84950. Conflicts of interest This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References 1. Cummings SR, Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761–1767CrossRefPubMed 2. Cauley JA (2002) The determinants of fracture in men. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2:220–221PubMed 3. Jacobsen SJ, Goldberg J, Miles TP, Brody JA, Selleckchem Proteasome inhibitor Stiers W, Rimm AA (1992) Race and sex differences in mortality following fracture of the hip. Am J Public Health 82:1147–1150CrossRefPubMed 4.