These phenomena, which occur during well-defined sleep stages, constitute the microstructure

of sleep, and provide important additional data in the evaluation of both normal and pathological sleep processes. In fact, phasic events appear to regulate the alternation between stationary sleep stages. For instance, sleep is very rich in arousals Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of different degrees, and these arousals lead to sleep stage transitions, which, in turn, determine the organization of sleep cycles and the balance between the various stages of sleep. Thus, sleep microstructure provides evidence of some important dynamic characteristics of the sleep process, which are not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reflected by macrostructural evaluation. Therefore, it clearly appears that both the macrostructure and the microstructure of sleep are valuable physiologically and clinically. Traditional stage scoring of polysomnographic records provides necessary descriptions of sleep macroarchitectural abnormalities in a variety of psychiatric disorders. However, the relationships between sleep, sleep disorders, and psychiatric disorders

are quite complex. Psychiatric patients often complain about their sleep, and they may show sleep abnormalities that increase with the severity of their selleck chemicals llc illness. Also, psychiatric disorders can be associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with sleep disorders, and most often with insomnia. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to consider whether analysis of sleep microstructure can provide an additional significant contribution to the understanding of the relationships between sleep

and psychiatric disorders. Sleep and psychiatric disorders One of the most Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fundamental aspects of sleep research is to clarifying what normal sleep is and determining how to quantify sleep disturbance. Existing standards for macrostructure indices, such as amount of sleep, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, time spent in each sleep stage, and so on, must take into account large interindividual Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical variability and large age differences. For GSK-3 microstructure descriptors, the uncertainty is even larger and normative data are still lacking, especially for the appreciation of normal interindividual variability. Changes in sleep and sleep patterns are often seen with any type of physical or mental impairment. However, classical quantitative measures of sleep, derived from polysomnographic recording, are sometimes insufficient to detect sleep abnormalities in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. Between 50% and 80% of psychiatric patients complain of sleep disturbances during the acute phase of their illness.2 Even when macrostructure of sleep appears to be normal, there still can be significant modifications in sleep microstructure as expressed by the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Lenalidomide.html arousal-related phasic events.