Using next generation amplicon sequencing of individually tagged 16S rRNA-PCR reactions [20], we here assessed the combined effects of host population and disturbance/host stress on the microbial communities associated with gill tissue of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas stemming from populations only very recently

invading the North Sea. The invasion of Pacific oysters into the Wadden Sea part of the North Sea originated from aquaculture activities in the 1990s [21], and today Pacific oysters locally represent the dominant epibenthic bivalve selleck species [22]. Oyster populations in the northern and southern parts of the Wadden Sea stem from two genetically distinct invasion sources [23]. These separate invasions are also interesting in terms Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor of summer mortality events because summer mortality has been observed only in southern populations so far [24]. Individual learn more microbial communities can also be influenced by host genetics, either between populations (i.e. phylogeography and genetic

differentiation) [25] or within populations (i.e. relatedness). Strong skew in reproductive success among individual breeders [26] is common in marine bivalves displaying high juvenile mortality (i.e. type III survivor curves) and can lead to increased genetic differentiation. In turn this can also lead to genetic differentiation on small spatial scales and therefore we here compare microbial communities in oysters from different reefs that most likely originated NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase from different spatfall events. Our sampling scheme allowed us to evaluate the relative importance of host population genetic structure independent of confounding effects of geography. We investigated a total of 40 individual oyster microbiomes within three separate oyster reefs stemming from two tidal basins in the northern Wadden Sea. By exposing half of the oysters to a disturbance treatment, we tested

if stress in combination with environmental change causes a shift in the microbial communities and if such a shift is associated with an increase in the abundances of potentially pathogenic bacteria during periods of stress. This could potentially reveal whether mortality events originate from environmental or intrinsic reservoirs and if such events are possibly associated with the demise of beneficial microbes. The artificially induced microbial community shift can thus be used to compare reaction norms of microbial communities in naturally replicated host genotypes across genetically differentiated host populations. Our detailed objectives were 1) to test the differentiation of individual host-associated microbial communities according to population and individual genetic differentiation (i.e.