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“Background selleck Wolbachia pipientis (α-Proteobacteria) is an obligate endosymbionts of invertebrates, known to infect up to 70% of insect species, as well as spiders, terrestrial crustaceans and medically important filarial nematodes [1–5]. Many strains of Wolbachia found in insects manipulate their hosts by inducing feminisation, parthenogenesis, male killing or cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) [6–9]; in contrast, the Wolbachia of nematodes are mutualists necessary for host reproduction [10]. Despite this great diversity of hosts and extended phenotypes, all strains of Wolbachia are currently recognised as the single species W. pipientis. Within this species, strains are clustered into at least eight divergent clades or ‘supergroups’, named A to K [11–15].