YW participated in the induction of the phage. JW carried out the PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. PL participated in the phage induction and infection. YW and PD participated in the sequence alignment and genome annotation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The genus Cronobacter, member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, comprises seven species – C. sakazakii, C. turicensis, C. malonaticus, C. muytjensii,

C. dublinensis, C. universalis and C. condimenti[1, GW786034 2]. They are opportunistic pathogens that can cause septicaemia and infections of the central nervous system primarily in premature, low-birth weight and/or immune-compromised neonates [3]. Most outbreaks have been reported CCI-779 research buy in neonatal intensive care units where the sources of infection have been traced to

Cronobacter spp. contaminated, reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIF) and/or feeding equipment. As a foodborne pathogen causing systemic infections, Cronobacter spp. must cross the gastrointestinal barrier and, following their tropism for the central nervous system, translocate to and cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In that context, it is expected that Cronobacter spp. express virulence factors that help in colonization and invasion of mucosal cells [4] as well as effectors that confer the ability of Cronobacter spp. to overcome the mechanisms of killing by serum components and/or the human complement system [5, 6]. Microbes that cause invasive infections have evolved strategies to protect themselves against the bactericidal action of the serum/complement. Structures of the bacterial cell surface, such as capsules, LPS and selleck inhibitor outer-membrane proteins have been identified as being responsible for the complement resistance of bacteria [6, 7]. For Cronobacter spp. it has been shown, that the outer membrane protein Omp A contributes significantly to the survival of the bacteria in the blood [8]. In a more recent study an outer membrane protease

Cpa has been identified as a factor that activates plasminogen, thus mediating serum resistance in C. sakazakii[9]. However, it has been demonstrated, that there is a considerable degree of variation among Cronobacter spp. isolates with respect to their ability to resist serum complement [10]. In a pilot check details study a set of Cronobacter isolates (all species, subspecies) from various origins (clinical, environment, milk powder) was tested for their capacity to survive in human blood and the clinical isolate Cronobacter sakazakii ES5 was identified as the most tolerant strain (i.e. ≤ 2 log reduction during incubation in 50% human pooled serum for 120 min) among the Cronobacter sakazakii isolates tested (data not shown). This strain was selected for further experiments aiming for the identification and analysis of genes involved in this feature. Results and discussion Identification of genes involved in modified serum tolerance in C.