A central pathology review

was performed. Stratification factors included: number of metastatic regional lymph nodes (N1: 1–3 vs N2: ≥4), histologic grade (high: poorly differentiated/undifferentiated] vs low: well/moderately differentiated), and T stage. Proximal tumor site included cecum, ascending, hepatic flexure, and transverse colon; distal site included splenic flexure, descending and sigmoid colon. The study was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and the North Central Tariquidar ic50 Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG; now part of Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology). Each participant signed an Institutional Review Board–approved informed consent in accordance with current guidelines. Data quality was ensured by review by the Alliance Statistics and Data Center. All authors had access to the study data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Mutation status was determined using genomic DNA extracted from macrodissected, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue that contained at least 60% tumor cells. Testing for the c.1799T>A p.V600E www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html BRAF mutation in exon 15 was performed using a multiplex allele-specific, real-time polymerase chain reaction–based assay and an automated sequencing technique. 27 Primer sequences included: wild-type forward [NED-TGATTTTGGTCATGCTACAGT]; mutant forward [6-Fam-CAGTGATTTTGCTCTAGCTTCAGA]; and reverse

Galeterone [GTTTCTTTCTAGTAACTCAGCAGC]. KRAS mutation status in exon 2 was analyzed in extracted DNA using the DxS mutation test kit KR-03/04 (DxS, Manchester, UK), assessing for 7 different mutations in codons 12 and 13. 28 For both genes, mutational analysis was performed in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–compliant laboratory at Mayo Clinic. MMR protein (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) expression was analyzed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections as described previously.12 MMR protein loss was defined as absence of nuclear staining in tumor cells but positive nuclear staining in normal colonic epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Expression was scored by a gastrointestinal pathologist (TCS). Tumors were categorized as having dMMR if loss of at least one MMR protein was detected and pMMR if all proteins were intact. Promoter methylation of MLH1 was determined in BRAF nonmutated tumors in an effort to distinguish sporadic from familial dMMR patients. Tumor DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and bisulfite modified using the EZ DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research Corp., Irvine, CA). Polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to detect differences between methylated and unmethylated DNA for the hMLH1 promoter, as described.