Furthermore, the responses of the innate immune system are important not only to eliminate pathogens but also to develop pathogen-specific adaptive immunity. Generally, immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes are regarded as key players in the innate immune responses. In the dental pulp, odontoblasts and dental pulp fibroblasts are also shown to express several TLRs and NODs. The role of these cells in the progression of pulpitis has not been clarified in detail, but they might act as modulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. A
recent report reveals that TGF-β1 inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 expression and attenuated odontoblast responses, and thus suggests the potential use of TGF-β1 in the clinical treatment of pulpal inflammation [51]. Our recent research demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effect of catechin (bioactive Buparlisib clinical trial polyphenols in green tea) on human dental pulp cells affected by bacterium-derived factors,
especially TLR2 ligand [66] and [70]. Therefore, understanding of the mechanism underlying PAMP-induced pro-inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp is important for the development of future therapeutic strategies and treatments for pulpitis. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research] (16591915, 20592228 and 20592229). “
“Replacement of missing selleck screening library teeth and maintenance of 28 teeth has been the traditional treatment goal. Removable partial dentures (RPDs), cantilever fixed partial dentures (CFPDs) and implant-supported fixed partial dentures (IFPDs) can be utilized to restore distal extension edentulous space in posterior area. Treatment with RPDs is the most
common of these options, because it is noninvasive and inexpensive. However, patients who have missing posterior teeth frequently stop wearing RPDs [1], [2] and [3]. Furthermore, treatment with RPDs has a high ‘biological Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) cost’ with high caries incidence and periodontal breakdown of abutment teeth [4], [5] and [6]. Thus, fixed restorations using CFPDs or IFPDs are recommended as alternative options for replacement of distal extension edentulous space especially in patients who have high risk for caries occurrence and periodontal disease [7], [8], [9] and [10]. CFPD has two or more abutments at one end and is left unsupported at the other end. Treatment with CFPDs has been utilized as an alternative treatment option for reduced dentition in patients who refuse treatment with RPDs [11], [12] and [13]. Restoration for distal extension edentulous space using CFPDs is usually limited up to the second premolar, thus missing molars remain unrestored (premolar occlusion). Käyser named partial edentulism of distal extension edentulous space in posterior area as shortened dental arch (SDA) (Fig. 1) [14].