The DON levels in wheat products may be affected by MI-773 some processing,

such as sorting, milling, cooking, baking, frying, roasting and extrusion. In a preliminary study, 38 wheat grain and 16 wheat flour samples (2009 growing season) from Northern Paraná State were analysed by ic-ELISA (unpublished data). The mean DON levels in wheat flour samples (1801 μg/kg) were lower than those from wheat grain samples (2386 μg/kg). These data indicated a DON reduction rate of 25% after milling processing, which was similar to those reported by Visconti, Haidukowski, Pascale, and Silvestri (2004) and Trigo-Stockli, Deyoe, Satumbaga, and Pedersen (1996). DON is more prevalent in the outer parts of kernel, showing higher levels in bran (3400 μg/kg) when compared to whole wheat (2800 μg/kg) and flour (1500 μg/kg, Trigo-Stockli et al., 1996). The higher level of toxin in the bran may be attributed to the prevalence of the F. graminearum in the aleurone and pericarp tissues. For this reason, milling usually results in DON reduction in wheat flour. Visconti et al. (2004) observed a reduction of DON during durum wheat processing and spaghetti cooking. Neira, www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0325901.html Pacin, Martinez, Molto, and Resnik (1997) reported 44% reduction in DON contamination with increased baking time of DON-contaminated products. These previous studies noted the effect of wheat processing on DON levels and consideration of these changes would provide a more realistic situation for DON

occurrence in wheat-based products “as consumed” and for their corresponding intakes. Taking into account the DON reduction rate of 25%, the total EDI by Londrina inhabitants considering bread and pasta

consumption would be 1.09 μg/kg b.w./day, similar to that previously calculated. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first report about the estimated DON daily intake. In the United Kingdom, Turner et al. (2008) detected DON in 296 out of 300 (98.7%) urine samples. Wholemeal bread was associated not with the greatest percentage increase in urinary DON per unit of consumption, but white bread contributed approximately twice as much as wholemeal bread to the urinary DON levels because it was consumed in higher amounts. Schothorst and Van Egmond (2004) reported that wheat and wheat-derived products represent the major source of intake for DON and other trichothecenes. This study provides information on deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat in the main production areas in Paraná, Brazil during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. In summary, 62.8% of wheat samples (n = 113) from the Paraná State showed DON levels below the maximum allowed level for human consumption (2000 μg/kg) by current Brazilian legislation ( Brasil, 2011). As natural and unavoidable contaminants of important agricultural commodities, DON exerts great impact on human and animal health. Exposure assessment is a valuable tool in assessing risk to humans from mycotoxins in the food chain.