Less toxic regimens and efficient second-line therapies should also be regarded realistic achievements. For example, it has been proposed to explore the safety and efficacy

of fludarabine and rituximab in combination using reduced doses of fludarabine.[92] and [93] It may also be worthwhile investigating combinations of monoclonal antibodies with newer chemotherapeutic agents. The relationship between primary CAD and WM should encourage studies of several, Cobimetinib more or less targeted therapies shown to be feasible and efficient in WM.94 In primary CAD, improvement has been observed in two patients following bortezomib monotherapy95; and high response rates have been achieved in WM following treatment with a bortezomib-based combination regimen.96 The monoclonal anti-C5 antibody, eculizumab, is a potent complement inhibitor shown to be an efficient therapeutic agent in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).97 In steady-state CAD, on the other hand, most of the hemolysis is not thought to be intravascular and C5-mediated.[30] and [31] Furthermore, the administration of eculizumab in PNH has been shown to unmask the low-grade, C3b-mediated extravascular hemolysis assumed to predominate in CAD.98 Infusions of eculizumab have been reported, however, to result in rapid improvement in a patient with primary CAD99; and unpublished observations may indicate a marked and sustained

suppression of hemolysis during continued therapy (A. Röth, personal communication). These observations should be further explored for two reasons. First, this Selleckchem Natural Product Library therapeutic approach might prove useful in subgroups, e.g. in acute situations (infections or surgery with exacerbation of hemolysis) or in severely hemolytic patients not responding to therapy directed against the pathogenic B-cell clone. Second, if efficacy is confirmed, such results may challenge our present understanding of hemolysis in CAD, theoretically leading to a re-consideration of which hemolytic mechanism is most important. In order to further improve on current treatment options in primary CAD,

patients requiring therapy should be considered for inclusion in prospective trials if available. No evidence-based therapy Acyl CoA dehydrogenase exists for the CAS per se in cold-antibody mediated AIHA secondary to clearly malignant or infectious diseases. Prospective trials or well-designed retrospective series of consecutive patients have not been published, and all recommendations found in the literature are based on case reports, clinical experience and theoretical considerations. For obvious reasons, however, optimal treatment of the underlying disease is important whenever feasible.[15] and [69] Particularly in curable malignancies such as aggressive lymphomas, achieving complete remission is usually accompanied by resolution of the hemolysis. M.