The usefulness of MRI to monitor the development in vivo Epacadostat chemical structure will be reduced if MRI scanning leads to delayed development or to developmental defects. Therefore

the effects of rf pulses, high static magnetic fields and varying magnetic gradients on the first 3 days of quail embryonic development were investigated. Quail eggs were removed from the incubator during the first 3 days of development and exposed for an average of 7 h to high static 7 T magnetic field, linear magnetic field gradients (with maximum gradient amplitude of 200 mT/m) and 300 MHz rf pulses (test group). These exposures were longer than those typically used to capture images but were chosen in order to test the biosafety of MRI. Control group eggs were removed from the incubator for the same period of time on each day but not subjected to an external MRI magnetic field (control group). Test and control eggs were then returned to the incubator until Day 7. In addition, a third group of eggs were incubated continuously until Day 7 (incubator group). After which all the embryos were removed, fixed and their development assessed. The results are shown in Table 2. The median embryonic stage of the test and control groups was 34, while that of the incubator group was 35. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov

(KS) test was used to estimate the probability of whether the distribution of embryo stages in the test group is different from that of the control Ponatinib mouse group. Their distributions were very similar with a P value of nearly 1.0 and a KS distance (D) of only 0.031 ( Supplementary Data Figure S1), which indicates that BMS-354825 molecular weight their profiles were almost identical. In contrast, using the KS test to compare the embryo stages in the control and incubator groups produced a very low P value of .003 with

a larger KS distance (D) of 0.502. The slight delay in development in both the test and control groups compared with the incubator group is expected because the temperature of the egg drops from 38°C to 19°C on removal from the incubator and this is known to slow down embryonic development [4]. The % of embryos in each group with retarded development (i.e., had not reached Stage 33 by the end of the experiment) and/or with developmental defects is also shown in Table 2. The developmental defects, which were seen in all three groups, included misshapen embryos and absence of eyes. There is only a small difference in the % of these abnormal embryos in the three groups: 13% in the control and incubator groups and 15% in the test group. Taken altogether, all these results show that high external magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients and rf pulse had no apparent adverse effect upon the early development of quail embryos. Micro-MRI can be safely used to follow normal development of live quail embryos, in ovo, over the first 8 days of development.