meliloti 1021 shares with the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing α-proteobacteria (α-rhizobia) S. medicae WSM419, Rhizobium etli CFN 42, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099, www.selleckchem.com/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html and Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. A novel aspect of this strategy is that these searches were restricted by prior elimination of all S. meliloti ORFs that are present in any of 15 non-nitrogen-fixing,

non-symbiotic α-proteobacteria (species listed in Table 1). (See Materials and Methods for search procedure.) The genomes used in the analysis were chosen based on the rhizobial genomes available in the JGI IMG database when the analysis was initially performed. The searches were conducted at multiple identity levels (20%–80%), and the output Gefitinib nmr data from all the searches is presented in Additional file

1: Table S1. The genome subtractions eliminated genes common to α-proteobacteria with non-symbiotic lifestyles. For example, a search conducted at 50% identity, intersecting the S. meliloti ORFs with homologs in the 5 α-rhizobia species yields 1281 genes. However, when the search for homologs is conducted with subtraction of the ORFs from the 15 non-rhizobial species, the search yield is 58 genes ( Additional file 3: Table S3). The result of the searches was a list of 139 ORFs common to the α-rhizobia (listed in Additional file 3: Table S3), but not found in the non-nitrogen-fixing, non-symbiotic α-proteobacteria. Among these 139 ORFs were 11 genes known to be involved in nitrogen fixation (Table 4 and Additional file 3: Table S3), including: nifH nifD nifK nifB nifE nifN fixA fixB, and fixC (see Introduction)

and 8 known to be involved in Nod factor production, including nodA nodB nodC nodJ and nodI[5], thus 13.7% (19/139) of the ORFs selected by this comparative gemonics approach are already known to be important for symbiotic function. Table 4 Function distribution of the 139 ORFs from genome searches (See Additional file 3: Table S3for complete gene list) Function Number of ORFs Nitrogen fixation 11 Nod factor production/modification RANTES 8 Transposase 10 Predicted transcriptional regulator 8 Predicted transport protein 14 Predicted adenylate/guanylate cyclase 7 Other predicted function 37 Hypothetical protein 44 There were also 44 hypothetical proteins/proteins of unknown function among the 139 ORFs detected in the comparative genomic screen. The predicted functions of the remaining ORFs included transposases, transcriptional regulators, transport proteins, and adenylate/guanylate cyclases (Table 4). These are classes of genes that may participate in many of the functions that distinguish α-rhizobia from their non-symbiotic α-proteobacterial relatives, such as signaling to the host plant, reprogramming their metabolism for nitrogen fixation, and importing specific nutrients and differentiation signals from the plant [9, 10, 49].