There is also a variation in the distribution and prevalence of the various Nutlin-3a mouse SCCmec types in MRCoNS in different countries [26]. SCCmec type III has been found to

be the most prevalent in southern Brazil (52%), SCCmec type IV in the United Kingdom (36%), type IVa in Japan (40.8%), and type II in China. Some authors have recently reported type V and untypable elements in two S. haemolyticus isolates www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html from Nigeria [27]. Our data add on to this latter study providing information for CoNS other than S. haemolyticus circulating in Nigeria. SCCmec could not be classified in two of the MRCoNS isolates. They may belong to other SCCmec types not considered in the present investigation or may be among those that cannot be assigned to by currently-available PCR-based methods. Nevertheless the design and validation of a comprehensive SCCmec typing classification scheme

for MRCoNS is heavily challenged selleckchem by the frequent isolation of strains possessing “non-typeable” elements or even positive to more than one SCCmec-type [16, 25]. In our study, SCCmec types were assigned by PCR protocols originally developed for SCCmec in MRSA [14, 15], supporting the general conclusion that the scheme is still suitable as a first screening of SCCmec types in MRCoNS. Our results also indicate a large diversity in the J1 region in type IV of SCCmec and a large diversity and heterogenous reservoir of SCCmec among the MRCoNS isolated from faecal samples of humans. This may be a risk for interspecies horizontal transfer of new SCCmec types between CoNS and S. aureus[28]. The hypothesis of the particular case of SCCmec transfer between

S. epidermidis and S. aureus has also been reported [11]. Although direct proof of transfer was not obtained in this study, SCCmec type IVd was present in 8 MRCoNS of various species indicating the possibility Thiamine-diphosphate kinase of interspecies transfer of SCCmec elements in CoNS strains in the gastrointestinal tracts. Conclusion In conclusion, our study indicated that CoNS colonising the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy individuals may represent a reservoir of different antibiotic resistance genes and SCCmec elements. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (MIUR, grant PRIN, number 200929YFMK_003 to M. P.) and from the University of Camerino (code FPA00057 to L.A.V.) References 1. Piette A, Verschraegen G: Role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in human disease. Vet Microbiol 2009,134(1):45–54.PubMedCrossRef 2. Akinkunmi E, Lamikanra A: Species distribution and antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Trop J Pharm Res 2010,9(1):35–43.CrossRef 3. Archer GL, Climo MW: Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994, 38:2231–2237.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 4.